RNAscope

To evaluate trends in bacterial causes of valvular endocarditis in swine, we retrospectively analyzed 321 cases diagnosed at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Ames, IA, USA) during May 2015--April 2020. Streptococcus gallolyticus was the causative agent for 7.59% of cases. This emerging infection in swine could aid study of endocarditis in humans.

Background: Novel therapies are needed upon progression to first-line CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDKi) plus endocrine therapy in advanced HR+ breast cancer. One frequent alteration driving resistance to CDKi plus hormones is FGFR1/2 amplification/overexpression. We have demonstrated that a combined assay of RNAScope and FISH, detecting RNA overexpression and genomic amplification of FGFR1/2, captures more FGFR-aberrant cases than either test alone.

Introduction: Inverted papillomas (IPs) are rare, benign, sinonasal tumors with the ability to undergo malignant transformation. While rare, they are the most common type of papilloma within the sinonasal cavity and represent up to 5% of primary nasal cavity tumors. There have been many studies attempting to define a causal link between HPV and malignant transformation of IPs with mixed results. Additionally, these tumors have a high recurrence rate, and their malignant transformation potential has spurred significant investigation into their etiology, disease course, and treatment.

Studies show that postmenopausal women with breast cancer treated with long-term use of tamoxifen are at an increased risk for uterine cancer, but why this occurs has been somewhat of a mystery.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermoregulatory fat with energy-consuming properties. The location and heterogeneity of this tissue makes it complicated to sample before and after interventions in humans, and an in vitro model for mechanistic and molecular studies is therefore of great value. We here describe a protocol for isolation of progenitors from the stromal vascular fraction of BAT biopsies obtained surgically from adult humans. We further present how these cells are differentiated in vitro and finally how they are characterized for thermogenic capacity.

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a known cause of enteric disease in cattle; however, its role in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is poorly understood, with a dearth of evidence of the detection of the virus in respiratory tract lesions. We coupled histologic evaluation of tracheal and lower airway tissues from 104 calves with BRD in which BCoV was detected in the lungs via PCR followed by direct detection of BCoV by immunohistochemistry and an RNA in situ hybridization assay (ISH; RNAscope technology). RNAscope ISH detected BCoV in respiratory epithelium in more cases than did IHC.

Lymphomas are characteristic tumors surrounded by an inflammatory microenvironment. The cells of the microenvironment are essential for the growth and survival of neoplastic cells and are recruited through the effect of cytokines/chemokines. Lymphomas include heterogeneous groups of neoplasms infiltrating various lymphoid structures which may arise from B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells at various stages of their differentiation state.

Calmodulin (CaM) is a multifunctional calcium-binding protein that modulates activity of many different ion channels, enzymes and other proteins. In vertebrates, CaM represents a unique case, where the exact same, invariant amino acid sequence is encoded by multiple genes on different chromosomes (three in case of the mouse and human). These multiple CaM genes have been hypothesized to afford high spatiotemporal resolution in the control of numerous CaM-dependent processes within highly specialized cells, such as neurons and cardiac myocytes.

The neuropeptide oxytocin (Oxt) plays important roles in modulating social behaviors. Oxt receptor (Oxtr) is abundantly expressed in the brain and its relationship to socio-behavioral controls has been extensively studied using mouse brains. Several genetic tools to visualize and/or manipulate Oxtr-expressing cells, such as fluorescent reporters and Cre recombinase drivers, have been generated by ES-cell based gene targeting or bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenesis.