Cancer

High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is an etiologic agent in squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) arising in the oropharynx and cervix, and a proven prognostic factor in oropharyngeal SqCC. Many studies have found HPV in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Recent studies advocate the detection of mRNA transcripts of E6/E7 as more reliable evidence of transcriptively active HPV in tumor cells. The clinical significance of finding HPV remains unclear in NSCLC. This study sought to determine the prevalence of biologically active HPV infection in NSCLC comparing different methodologies.

The aim of the study was to investigate prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection in sinonasal carcinomas by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction, detecting p16INK4a protein (p16) expression and presence of both HPV DNA and HPV E6/E7 messenger RNA (mRNA). The study comprised 47 males and 26 females, aged 23-83 years (median 62 years), mostly (67 %) with a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Of the tumors, 53 % arose in the nasal cavity, 42 % in the maxillary sinus, and 5 % in the ethmoid complex.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) develop from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) mainly by activating mutations in the KIT or PDGFRA genes. Immunohistochemical analysis for KIT, DOG1, and PKC-θ is used for the diagnosis of GIST. Recently, ETV1 has been shown to be a lineage survival factor for ICCs and required for tumorigenesis of GIST. We investigated the diagnostic value of ETV1expression in GIST. On fresh-frozen tissue samples, RT-PCR analysis showed that ETV1 as well as KIT, DOG1, and PKC-θ are highly expressed in GISTs.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a unique form of carcinoma that is important to identify for prognosis and treatment. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p16 (also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, multiple tumor suppressor 1) is used as a surrogate marker for transcriptionally active, high-risk HPV. The primary objective of this study was to correlate p16 IHC of cell blocks from fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) with surgical pathology specimens of HPV-related oropharyngeal SCC.
METHODS:

Abstract
AIMS:
Fibrolamellar carcinoma is characterized by a recurrent DNAJB1-PRKACA chimeric transcript. The functional properties of the fusion are unknown but are believed to include PRKACA upregulation. PRKCA is a subunit of protein kinase A. The downstream targets of protein kinase A are unknown, but may include interactions with fibroblast growth factor (FGFR) pathways. In addition, inhibitors for FGFR proteins have recently been developed.
METHODS AND RESULTS: