Cancer

Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) has been demonstrated to be upregulated in various cancers and involved in many cellular processes such as cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. In gastric cancer, clinicopathological relevance of OLFM4 expression has been reported. However, there are few studies showing how expression of OLFM4 evolves during multistep gastric carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated OLFM4 expression during gastric carcinogenesis using RNA in situ hybridization (ISH).

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an uncommon and highly aggressive cutaneous malignancy, usually occurs on the sun-damaged skin of the elderly and is characterized by coexpression of neuroendocrine markers and CK20, a discriminant from other types of visceral neuroendocrine neoplasias.

Abstract

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
. Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the major causes of cancer death worldwide. Data from the literature indicate differences between the proliferation rate of endothelial cells relative to the morphology growth type, possibly due to origin of specimens (autopsy material, surgery fragments) or quantification methods. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a factor that stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells. It is expressed in more than 90% of cases of metastatic CRC.
AIM:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and growth is often attributed to stem cells, yet little is known about the regulation of these cells. We show here that a subpopulation of Prox1-transcription-factor-expressing cells have stem cell activity in intestinal adenomas, but not in the normal intestine.

The oxyntic proliferative isthmus zone contains the main stem/progenitor cells that provide for physiological renewal of the distinct mature cell lineages in the oxyntic epithelium of the stomach. These cells are also proposed to be the potential cells-of-origin of gastric cancer although little is known about their molecular characteristics, and specific biological markers are lacking.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Although heregulin and human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) are frequently expressed at high levels in patients with head and neck cancer, their prognostic value remains unclear. The authors explored the prognostic significance of heregulin/HER3 expression in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), taking into account other HER family members as well as p16 status.
METHODS:

We aimed to explore the clinical and prognostic influence of numeric alterations of MET gene copy number (GCN) and chromosome 7 (CEP7) CN in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. MET GCN and CEP7 CN were investigated in tissue arrayed tumors from 170 CRC patients using silver in situ hybridization (SISH). MET GCN gain was defined as ≥4 copies of MET, and CEP7 polysomy was prespecified as ≥3 copies of CEP7. Additionally, MET messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription was evaluated using mRNA ISH and compared with MET GCN.

Abstract
Aims
Intestinal stem cell (ISC) markers such as LGR5, ASCL2, EPHB2 and OLFM4 and their clinical implications have been extensively studied in colorectal cancers (CRCs). However, little is known about their expression in precancerous lesions of CRCs. Here, we investigated the expression and distribution of ISC markers in serrated polyps and conventional adenomas.

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV1/BPV2) have long been associated with equine sarcoids; deciphering their contribution has been difficult due to their ubiquitous presence on skin and in the environment, as well as the lack of decent techniques to interrogate their role in pathogenesis. We have developed and characterized an in situ hybridization (ISH) assay that uses a pool of probes complementary to portions of the E5, E6, and E7 genes. This assay is highly sensitive for direct visualization of viral transcript and nucleic acid in routinely processed histopathologic samples.