Cancer

Inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) mitigates endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress by orchestrating the unfolded-protein response (UPR). IRE1 spans the ER membrane, and signals through a cytosolic kinase-endoribonuclease module. The endoribonuclease generates the transcription factor XBP1s by intron excision between similar RNA stem-loop endomotifs, and depletes select cellular mRNAs through regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD). Paradoxically, in mammals RIDD seems to target only mRNAs with XBP1-like endomotifs, while in flies RIDD exhibits little sequence restriction.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by complex relations between stromal, epithelial, and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). To enable the development of more efficacious therapies, we aim to study the heterogeneity, signatures of unique cell populations, and cell-cell interactions of non-immune and immune cell populations in 6 human papillomavirus (HPV)+ and 12 HPV- HNSCC patient tumor and matched peripheral blood specimens using single-cell RNA sequencing.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a lethal malignancy with a complex microenvironment. Dichotomous tumour-promoting and -restrictive roles have been ascribed to the tumour microenvironment, however the effects of individual stromal subsets remain incompletely characterised. Here, we describe how heterocellular Oncostatin M (OSM) - Oncostatin M Receptor (OSMR) signalling reprograms fibroblasts, regulates tumour growth and metastasis.

We report a new mechanism of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA regulation and cytoprotection in response to AR pathway inhibition (ARPI) stress in prostate cancer (PCA). AR mRNA translation is coordinately regulated by RNA binding proteins, YTHDF3 and G3BP1. Under ambient conditions m6A-modified AR mRNA is bound by YTHDF3 and translationally stimulated, while m6A-unmodified AR mRNA is bound by G3BP1 and translationally repressed.

Gastric cancer is among the most prevalent and deadliest of cancers globally. To derive mechanistic insight into the pathways governing this disease, we generated a Claudin18-IRES-CreERT2 allele to selectively drive conditional dysregulation of the Wnt, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and Trp53 pathways within the gastric epithelium. This resulted in highly reproducible metastatic, chromosomal-instable-type gastric cancer. In parallel, we developed orthotopic cancer organoid transplantation models to evaluate tumour-resident Lgr5+ populations as functional cancer stem cells via in vivo ablation.

Guidelines regulating the development of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) request nonclinical data for toxicity, biodistribution and tumorigenicity before mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) products can be administered in large clinical trials.

A,B, Expression correlation analysis in 78 PDAC patient tumors12 [/articles/s43018-021-00258-w#ref-CR12] (E-MTAB-6134 [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/experiments/E-MTAB-6134/]) with high tumor cellularity between cJUN and VIM (A) as well as GATA6 and VIM (B). RMA-normalized probe intensity values were plotted. A linear regression with 95% CI is shown in orange. Pearson’s correlation (_R_) and corresponding two-tailed _P_ value are indicated.

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 7%. PDAC may originate from acinar cell trans-differentiation into ductal-like cells, termed acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), triggered by chronic pancreatitis and/or mutations in K-Ras. The progression to PDAC is associated with a dense fibrotic stroma, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). YAP is a tension-stimulated CAF activator that promotes ECM stiffening, creating a permissive microenvironment for cancer progression.

The development and subsequent adaptation of mass cytometry for the histological analysis of tissue sections has allowed the simultaneous spatial characterization of multiple components. This is useful to find the correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic profile of tumor cells and their environment in clinical-translational studies. In this revision, we provide an overview of the most relevant hallmarks in the development, implementation and application of multiplexed imaging in the study of cancer and other conditions.

Alpha-fetoprotein hardly increased due to nasopharyngeal cancer. In this article, we reported a 57-year-old male nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient who had posttreatment subscapular metastasis with high serum alpha-fetoprotein but negative plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA. Pathology results indicated that the scapular mass was undifferentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma originated in the nasopharynx. Moreover, no liver lesion was detected by imaging examination.