RNAscope

Objective. Patients with underlying heart diseases have a higher risk of dying from Covid-19. It has also been suggested that Covid-19 affects the heart through myocarditis. Despite the rapidly growing research on the management of Covid-19 associated complications, most of the ongoing research is focused on the respiratory complications of Covid-19, and little is known about the prevalence of myocarditis. Design.

Renal erythropoietin (Epo)-producing (REP) cells represent a rare and incompletely understood cell type. REP cells are fibroblast-like cells located in close proximity to blood vessels and tubules of the corticomedullary border region. Epo mRNA in REP cells is produced in a pronounced "on-off" mode, showing transient transcriptional bursts upon exposure to hypoxia.

The prevalence of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is significantly greater in older, relative to younger, HIV-1 seropositive individuals; the neural pathogenesis of HAND in older HIV-1 seropositive individuals, however, remains elusive. To address this knowledge gap, abnormal protein aggregates (i.e., β-amyloid) were investigated in the brains of aging (>12 months of age) HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats.

We previously described four different vascular patterns (reticular, diffuse, fasciculate, and trabecular) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) suggesting an early and heterogeneous acquisition of perivascular cells most probably due to a particular PDGF pathway gene expression profile. The aim of the study was to study PDGF pathway gene expression profiles, separately for each vascular pattern.TaqMan assay for the PDGF pathway was performed on twelve cases of ccRCC previously evaluated by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and RNAscope.

The five known melanocortin receptors (MCs) have established physiological roles. With the exception of MC2, these receptors can behave unpredictably and since they are more widely expressed than their established roles would suggest, it is likely that they have other poorly characterized functions. The aim of this review is to discuss some of the less well-explored aspects of the four enigmatic members of this receptor family (MC1,3-5) and describe how these are multifaceted G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).

Angiotensin (Ang) II signalling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) via angiotensin type-1a receptors (AT1R) regulates vasopressin release and sympathetic nerve activity - two effectors of blood pressure regulation. We determined the cellular expression and function of AT1R in the PVN of a rodent model of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), the Lewis Polycystic Kidney (LPK) rat, to evaluate its contribution to blood pressure regulation and augmented vasopressin release in PKD.PVN AT1R gene expression was quantified with fluorescent in-situ hybridisation in LPK and control rats.

Evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy in animal models provide critical data in vaccine development. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively in the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.A critical synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development with a focus on challenge studies in NHPs is provided. The benefits and drawbacks of the NHP models are discussed.

Hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate MRI (HP-13C-MRI) is an emerging metabolic imaging technique that has shown promise for evaluating prostate cancer (PCa) aggressiveness. Accurate tumour delineation on HP-13C-MRI is vital for quantitative assessment of the underlying tissue metabolism. However, there is no consensus on the optimum method for segmenting HP-13C-MRI, and whole-mount pathology (WMP) as the histopathological gold-standard is only available for surgical patients.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of altered ganglioside composition on the expression of Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, and Panx1 in different kidney regions of St8sia1 gene knockout mice (St8sia1 KO) lacking the GD3 synthase enzyme. Experiments were performed in twelve male 6-month-old mice: four wild-type (C57BL/6-type, WT) and eight St8sia1 KO mice. After euthanasia, kidney tissue was harvested, embedded in paraffin wax, and processed for immunohistochemistry.

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for the development and progression of primary open angle glaucoma and is due to trabecular meshwork (TM) damage.