RNAscope

: P2X3 purinoceptors are expressed by airway sensory neurons and are activated by extracellular ATP released during periods of cell stress. In asthma, sensitivity to ATP is increased. Airway eosinophilia, which is common in a majority of asthmatics, increases airway epithelial sensory nerve density in mice and in humans. Whether eosinophils increase neuronal P2X3 expression in asthma is unknown.

RATIONALE: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is an age-related progressive and fatal lung disease with limited therapeutic options. IPF exhibits several pathological features of epithelial reprogramming, including cellular senescence. Moreover, distal airway remodeling and bronchiolization can result in honeycomb cysts. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to this prominent phenotype, however, still remain poorly characterized. Here, we aimed to decipher the IPF distal bronchiole and alveolar cell subtypes and their potential contribution to IPF development and progression.

The Human Cell Atlas (HCA) is an international consortium established at the end of 2016 with the mission of mapping and characterizing all cells in the human body in terms of their distinctive patterns of gene expression, physiological states, and location (Rozenblatt-Rosen et al., 2017); (Regev et al., 2017) (http://www.humancellatlas.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">www.humancellatlas.org).

The brain plays a crucial role in maintaining the bodys energy needs, a process involving the activity of a group of hypothalamic neurons that express the neuropeptidergic marker pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). POMC neuronal dysfunction can cause obesity and its associated metabolic sequelae. However, this population of neurons is highly diverse at a molecular and functional level, and whether or not such heterogeneity is implicated in disease establishment or progression has yet to be elucidated.

We elucidated neural mechanisms underlying sighing. Photostimulation of parafacial (pF) neuromedin B ( NMB) or gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or preBötC NMBR or GRPR neurons elicited ectopic sighs with latency inversely related to time from the preceding endogenous sigh. Of particular note, ectopic sighs could be produced without involvement of these peptides or their receptors in preBötC. Moreover, chemogenetic or optogenetic activation of preBötC SST neurons induced sighing, even in the presence of NMBR or GRPR antagonists.

In the mouse, more than 1,100 odorant receptors (ORs) are expressed in a monogenic and monoallelic fashion, referred to as singular gene expression. Using a 21bp singular-choice enhancer (x21), we radically increase representation of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) choosing a 5x21 enhanced OR transgene, but not overexpression of its mRNA on a per cell basis. RNA-sequencing and differential expression analysis identified 425 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). ORs make up 86% of all DEGs, of which 325 have decreased representation and 40 have increased representation.

Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) recapitulate tumor architecture, contain cancer stem cells and have predictive value supporting personalized medicine. Here we describe a large-scale functional screen of dual-targeting bispecific antibodies (bAbs) on a heterogeneous colorectal cancer PDO biobank and paired healthy colonic mucosa samples. More than 500 therapeutic bAbs generated against Wingless-related integration site (WNT) and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) targets were functionally evaluated by high-content imaging to capture the complexity of PDO responses.

Objective: To investigate the utility of albumin RNAscope in situ hybridization in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and its mimics. Methods: One hundred and fifty-two cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and its mimics and 33 cases of normal tissue were selected from the pathology database of the Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2013 to December 2019. Tissue microarrays were constructed and RNAscope in situ hybridization was performed to detect the expression of albumin mRNA.

Over three decades of evidence indicate that dopamine (DA) D3 receptors (D3R) are involved in the control of drug-seeking behavior and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders (SUD). The expectation that a selective D3R antagonist/partial agonist would be efficacious for the treatment of SUD is based on the following key observations.

In situ hybridization has been a robust method for detection of mRNA expression in whole-mount samples or tissue sections for more than 50 years. Recent technical advances for in situ hybridization have incorporated oligo-based probes that attain greater tissue penetration and signal amplification steps with restricted localization for visualization of specific mRNAs within single cells. One such method is third-generation in situ hybridization chain reaction (V3HCR).