RNAscope 2.5 LS Assay

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, a type of cell-based immunotherapy, have shown some promising results in multiple myeloma, a bone marrow cancer. These earlier CAR T cells targeted a protein called B cell maturation antigen, but some patients’ cancer cells expressed little to none of this antigen and were therefore resistant to the CAR T cells. Smith et al. identified another target antigen for multiple myeloma, called GPRC5D.

Male gametes are generated through a specialised differentiation pathway involving a series of developmental transitions that are poorly characterised at the molecular level. Here, we use droplet-based single-cell RNA-Sequencing to profile spermatogenesis in adult animals and at multiple stages during juvenile development. By exploiting the first wave of spermatogenesis, we both precisely stage germ cell development and enrich for rare somatic cell-types and spermatogonia.

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) has been linked to several important chronic medical conditions many of which are associated with advancing age.

Ral GTPases are RAS effector molecules and by implication a potential therapeutic target for RAS mutant cancer. However, very little is known about their roles in stem cells and tissue homeostasis. Using Drosophila, we identified expression of RalA in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progenitor cells of the fly midgut. RalA was required within ISCs for efficient regeneration downstream of Wnt signaling.

Abstract

Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) play critical roles instructing, and initiating T-cell dependent antibody responses. The underlying mechanisms that enhance their function is therefore critical for vaccine development. Here we apply gene array analysis identifying adenosine deaminase (ADA) as a key molecule that delineates a human Tfh helper program in proliferating circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells and Germinal Centers Tfh (GC-Tfh).

The Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus is susceptible to infection by Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1), the only virus known to naturally infect any lobster species. However, P. argus is able to mitigate PaV1 transmission risk by avoiding infected individuals. P. argus may also be susceptible to another lethal virus, White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV).

Abstract
Objective
Analogues of GDF15 (Growth Differentiation Factor 15) are promising new anti-obesity therapies as pharmacological treatment with GDF15 results in dramatic reductions of food intake and body weight. GDF15 exerts its central anorexic effects by binding to the GFRAL receptor exclusively expressed in the Area Postrema (AP) and the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract (NTS) of the hindbrain. We sought to determine if GDF15 is an indispensable factor for other interventions that cause weight loss and which are also known to act via these hindbrain regions.

Abstract
PURPOSE:
Tumors may evade immunosurveillance through upregulation of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme. Epacadostat is a potent and highly selective IDO1 enzyme inhibitor. The open-label phase I/II ECHO-202/KEYNOTE-037 trial evaluated epacadostat plus pembrolizumab, a programmed death protein 1 inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Phase I results on maximum tolerated dose, safety, tolerability, preliminary antitumor activity, and pharmacokinetics are reported.

Immunotherapy shows promising results and revolutionizes treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The immunologic microenvironment might have prognostic/predictive implications. Morphologic immunologic parameters (inflammatory infiltrate, stromal content, and budding activity [BA] [potentially indicating epithelial–mesenchymal transition]) were evaluated in 66 human primary therapy-naive OSCCs. Intraepithelial/stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs; CD3+/CD4+/CD8+/CD4+FOXP3+/IL-17A+) were quantified, and ratios were calculated.