Localization of Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 mRNA in the Colorectal Mucosa of Miniature Dachshunds with Inflammatory Colorectal Polyps.

J Comp Pathol.

2017 Jan 12

Yokoyama N, Ohta H, Yamazaki J, Kagawa Y, Ichii O, Khoirun N, Morita T, Osuga T, Lim SY, Sasaki N, Morishita K, Nakamura K, Takiguchi M.
PMID: 28089357 | DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.10.010

Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) are characterized by the formation of multiple or solitary polyps with marked neutrophil infiltration in the colorectal area, and are speculated to be a novel form of breed-specific canine idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In human IBD, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in the colorectal mucosa of dogs with ICRPs by in-situ hybridization using an RNAscope assay. Samples of inflamed colorectal mucosa (n = 5) and non-inflamed mucosa (n = 5) from miniature dachshunds (MDs) with ICRPs and colonic mucosa from healthy beagles (n = 5) were examined. TLR2 and TLR4 hybridization signals were localized to the colorectal epithelium, inflammatory cells and fibroblasts in the inflamed colorectal mucosa of affected dogs. The signals were significantly greater in inflamed colorectal epithelium compared with non-inflamed epithelium of MDs with ICRPs and healthy beagles (P <0.05). These results suggest that increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in the inflamed colorectal mucosa results from not only inflammatory cell infiltration, but also the upregulation of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in the colonic epithelium.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes regulate microglia phenotypes: a promising treatment for acute central nervous system injury

Neural Regeneration Research

2022 Dec 14

Kang, H;Liu, Y;Li, Y;Wang, L;Zhao, Y;Yuan, R;Yang, M;Chen, Y;Zhang, H;Zhou, F;Qian, Z;
| DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.363819

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An epithelial-immune circuit amplifies inflammasome and IL-6 responses to SARS-CoV-2

Cell host & microbe

2022 Dec 09

Barnett, KC;Xie, Y;Asakura, T;Song, D;Liang, K;Taft-Benz, SA;Guo, H;Yang, S;Okuda, K;Gilmore, RC;Loome, JF;Oguin Iii, TH;Sempowski, GD;Randell, SH;Heise, MT;Lei, YL;Boucher, RC;Ting, JP;
PMID: 36563691 | DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.005

Elevated levels of cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 are associated with severe COVID-19. Investigating the underlying mechanisms, we find that while primary human airway epithelia (HAE) have functional inflammasomes and support SARS-CoV-2 replication, they are not the source of IL-1β released upon infection. In leukocytes, the SARS-CoV-2 E protein upregulates inflammasome gene transcription via TLR2 to prime, but not activate, inflammasomes. SARS-CoV-2-infected HAE supply a second signal, which includes genomic and mitochondrial DNA, to stimulate leukocyte IL-1β release. Nuclease treatment, STING, and caspase-1 inhibition but not NLRP3 inhibition blocked leukocyte IL-1β release. After release, IL-1β stimulates IL-6 secretion from HAE. Therefore, infection alone does not increase IL-1β secretion by either cell type. Rather, bi-directional interactions between the SARS-CoV-2-infected epithelium and immune bystanders stimulates both IL-1β and IL-6, creating a pro-inflammatory cytokine circuit. Consistent with these observations, patient autopsy lungs show elevated myeloid inflammasome gene signatures in severe COVID-19.

	Description
sense Example: Hs-LAG3-sense	Standard probes for RNA detection are in antisense. Sense probe is reverse complent to the corresponding antisense probe.
Intron# Example: Mm-Htt-intron2	Probe targets the indicated intron in the target gene, commonly used for pre-mRNA detection
Pool/Pan Example: Hs-CD3-pool (Hs-CD3D, Hs-CD3E, Hs-CD3G)	A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts
No-XSp Example: Hs-PDGFB-No-XMm	Does not cross detect with the species (Sp)
XSp Example: Rn-Pde9a-XMm	designed to cross detect with the species (Sp)
O# Example: Mm-Islr-O1	Alternative design targeting different regions of the same transcript or isoforms
CDS Example: Hs-SLC31A-CDS	Probe targets the protein-coding sequence only
EnEm	Probe targets exons n and m
En-Em	Probe targets region from exon n to exon m
Retired Nomenclature
tvn Example: Hs-LEPR-tv1	Designed to target transcript variant n
ORF Example: Hs-ACVRL1-ORF	Probe targets open reading frame
UTR Example: Hs-HTT-UTR-C3	Probe targets the untranslated region (non-protein-coding region) only
5UTR Example: Hs-GNRHR-5UTR	Probe targets the 5' untranslated region only
3UTR Example: Rn-Npy1r-3UTR	Probe targets the 3' untranslated region only
Pan Example: Pool	A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts

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