Publication

Histologic transformation to small cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer occurs in a subset of patients with advanced prostate cancer as a mechanism of treatment resistance. Rovalpituzumab tesirine (SC16LD6.5) is an antibody-drug conjugate that targets delta-like protein 3 (DLL3) and was initially developed for small cell lung cancer. We found that DLL3 is expressed in most of the castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer (CRPC-NE) (36 of 47, 76.6%) and in a subset of castration-resistant prostate adenocarcinomas (7 of 56, 12.5%).

AIM: To investigate the expression of embryonic stem cell (ESC) markers in microcystic lymphatic malformation (mLM). METHODS AND RESULTS: Cervicofacial mLM tissue samples from nine patients underwent 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for ESC markers octamer-binding protein 4 (OCT4), homeobox protein NANOG, sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), Krupple-like factor (KLF4), and proto-oncogene c-MYC.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of CD40-CD154 costimulation and effects of therapeutic pathway blockade in the non-obese diabetic (NOD/ShiLtJ) model of Sjogren's syndrome (SS). METHODS: We assessed leucocyte infiltration in salivary glands (SGs) from NOD/ShiLtJ mice by immunohistochemistry and examined transcriptomics data of SG tissue from these animals for evidence of a CD40 pathway gene signature.

The growth plate provides a substantial source of mesenchymal cells in the endosteal marrow space during endochondral ossification. The current model postulates that a group of chondrocytes in the hypertrophic zone can escape from apoptosis and transform into cells that eventually become osteoblasts in an area beneath the growth plate. The growth plate is composed of cells with various morphologies; particularly, at the periphery of the growth plate immediately adjacent to the perichondrium are 'borderline' chondrocytes, which align perpendicularly to other chondrocytes.

Relaxin-3 is a highly conserved neuropeptide abundantly expressed in neurons of the nucleus incertus (NI), which project to nodes of the septohippocampal system (SHS) including the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DB) and dorsal hippocampus, as well as to limbic circuits. High densities of the Gi/o-protein-coupled receptor for relaxin-3, known as relaxin-family peptide-3 receptor (RXFP3) are expressed throughout the SHS, further suggesting a role for relaxin-3/RXFP3 signaling in modulating learning and memory processes that occur within these networks.

Auditory bulla cavitation defects are a cause of otitis media, but the normal cellular pattern of bulla mesenchyme regression and its failure are not well understood. In mice, neural-crest-derived mesenchyme occupies the bulla from embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5) to postnatal day 11 (P11) and then regresses to form the adult air-filled bulla cavity. We report that bulla mesenchyme is bordered by a single layer of non-ciliated epithelium characterized by interdigitating cells with desmosome cell junctions and a basal lamina, and by Bpifa1 gene expression and laminin staining of the basal lamina.

BACKGROUND: LPA is a small bioactive phospholipid that acts as an extracellular signaling molecule and is involved in cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. LPA acts by binding and activating at least six known G protein-coupled receptors: LPA1-6 . In recent years, LPA has been suggested to play an important role both in normal neuronal development and under pathological conditions in the nervous system.

Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in modern society and better treatments are required. Key brain areas and signaling systems underlying anxiety include prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala, and monoaminergic and peptidergic systems, respectively. Hindbrain GABAergic projection neurons that express the peptide, relaxin-3, broadly innervate the forebrain, particularly the septum and hippocampus, and relaxin-3 acts via a Gi/o -protein-coupled receptor known as the relaxin-family peptide 3 receptor (RXFP3).

AIMS: To investigate whether genetic or inflammatory pro-oncogenic factors are relevant to the increased risk of gallbladder cancers in patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM). METHODS: Mutations in KRAS exon 2 were examined by a highly sensitive, droplet digital PCR platform using surgically resected specimens of PBM-associated (n=31) and non-associated gallbladder cancers (n=49). The tissue expression of IL-6 and IL-33, which are suspected to promote biliary carcinogenesis, was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, a type of cell-based immunotherapy, have shown some promising results in multiple myeloma, a bone marrow cancer. These earlier CAR T cells targeted a protein called B cell maturation antigen, but some patients’ cancer cells expressed little to none of this antigen and were therefore resistant to the CAR T cells. Smith et al. identified another target antigen for multiple myeloma, called GPRC5D.