Neuroscience

Cerebrovascular injury (CVI) is a common pathology caused by infections, injury, stroke, neurodegeneration and autoimmune disease. Rapid resolution of a CVI requires a coordinated innate immune response. In the present study, we sought mechanistic insights into how central nervous system-infiltrating monocytes program resident microglia to mediate angiogenesis and cerebrovascular repair after an intracerebral hemorrhage. In the penumbrae of human stroke brain lesions, we identified a subpopulation of microglia that express vascular endothelial growth factor A.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) drives circadian clock coherence through intercellular coupling, which is resistant to environmental perturbations. We report that primary cilia are required for intercellular coupling among SCN neurons to maintain the robustness of the internal clock in mice. Cilia in neuromedin S-producing (NMS) neurons exhibit pronounced circadian rhythmicity in abundance and length. Genetic ablation of ciliogenesis in NMS neurons enabled a rapid phase shift of the internal clock under jet-lag conditions.

Terrestrial organisms developed circadian rhythms for adaptation to Earth's quasi-24-h rotation. Achieving precise rhythms requires diurnal oscillation of fundamental biological processes, such as rhythmic shifts in the cellular translational landscape; however, regulatory mechanisms underlying rhythmic translation remain elusive. Here, we identified mammalian ATXN2 and ATXN2L as cooperating master regulators of rhythmic translation, through oscillating phase separation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus along circadian cycles.

The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, increases rapidly with age, but why age constitutes the main risk factor is still poorly understood. Brain ageing affects oligodendrocytes and the structural integrity of myelin sheaths1, the latter of which is associated with secondary neuroinflammation2,3. As oligodendrocytes support axonal energy metabolism and neuronal health4-7, we hypothesized that loss of myelin integrity could be an upstream risk factor for neuronal amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, the central neuropathological hallmark of AD.

BACKGROUND:

Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are the most common types of Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and are highly heterogeneous in terms of phenotype and treatment response. The natural course of DLBCLs tumor progression is featured by a flow of events leading to the enhancement of proliferative and invasive capabilities and, therefore, towards the establishment of a more aggressive phenotype. Angiogenesis is a constant hallmark of DLBCLs progression, has prognostic potential and promote DLBCLs dissemination.

Choroid plexus epithelial cells produce and secrete transthyretin (TTR). TTR binds and distributes thyroid hormone (TH) to brain cells via the cerebrospinal fluid. The adult murine subventricular zone (SVZ) is in close proximity to the choroid plexus. In the SVZ, TH determines neural stem cell (NSC) fate towards a neuronal or a glial cell. We investigated whether the loss of TTR also disrupted NSC fate choice. Our results show a decreased neurogenic versus oligodendrogenic balance in the lateroventral SVZ of Ttr knockout mice.

Estrogens play an essential role in multiple physiological functions in the brain, including reproductive neuroendocrine, learning and memory, and anxiety-related behaviors. To determine these estrogen functions, many studies have tried to characterize neurons expressing estrogen receptors known as ER? and ER?. However, the characteristics of ER?-expressing neurons in the rat brain still remain poorly understood compared to that of ER?-expressing neurons.

AIMS:
Many patients taking risperidone for the treatment of psychiatric disorders experience substantial body weight gain. Researchers have speculated that risperidone induces obesity by modulating central signals; however, the precise central mechanisms involved remain to be fully elucidated.