RNAscope 2.5 HD Duplex

D-Serine is a co-agonist at forebrain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and is synthesized by serine racemase (SR). Although D-serine and SR were originally reported to be localized to glia, recent studies have provided compelling evidence that under healthy physiologic conditions both are localized primarily in neurons. However, in pathologic conditions, reactive astrocytes can also express SR and synthesize D-serine.

Estrogens regulate osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. We identified GATA4 as a transcription factor expressed in osteoblasts and directly regulated by 17β-estradiol in this cell type but not in breast cancer cells, another estrogen-responsive tissue. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing) reveals that estrogen receptor α (ERα) binds to chromatin near GATA4 at five different enhancers.

Sterile lung injury is an important clinical problem that complicates the course of severely ill patients. Interruption of blood flow, namely ischemia–reperfusion (IR), initiates a sterile inflammatory response in the lung that is believed to be maladaptive. The rationale for this study was to elucidate the molecular basis for lung IR inflammation and whether it is maladaptive or beneficial.

Familial growth hormone deficiency provides an opportunity to identify new genetic causes of short stature. Here we combine linkage analysis with whole-genome resequencing in patients with growth hormone deficiency and maternally inherited gingival fibromatosis. We report that patients from three unrelated families harbor either of two missense mutations, c.347G>T p.(Arg116Leu) or c.1106C>T p.(Pro369Leu), in KCNQ1, a gene previously implicated in the long QT interval syndrome.

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) regulates airway surface hydration. In mouse airways, ENaC is composed of three subunits, alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ), which are differentially expressed (α > β > γ). Airway-targeted overexpression of the β subunit results in Na+ hyperabsorption causing airway surface dehydration, hyperconcentrated mucus with delayed clearance, lung inflammation, and perinatal mortality.

PTPRB is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase known to regulate blood vessel remodelling and angiogenesis. Here we demonstrate that PTPRB negatively regulates branching morphogenesis in the mammary epithelium.

Recent discoveries implicate the classical complement cascade in normal brain development and in disease.

Branching morphogenesis creates arborized epithelial networks. In the mammalian kidney, an epithelial progenitor pool at ureteric branch tips (UBT) creates the urine-transporting collecting system. Using region-specific mouse reporter strains, we performed an RNA-seq screen, identifying tip and stalk enriched gene sets in the developing collecting duct system.

Circuits in the auditory cortex are highly susceptible to acoustic influences during an early postnatal critical period.

In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) satiety signaling (anorexigenic) pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing and hunger signaling (orexigenic) agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons are key components of the neuronal circuits that control food intake and energy homeostasis. Here, we assessed whether the catecholamine noradrenalin directly modulates the activity of these neurons in mice.