Probes for LONG

To determine the expression of long non-coding RNA urothelial cancer-associated 1 (UCA1) by performing array-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to identify the clinicopathological significance of UCA1 expression in prostate cancer using in situ hybridization (ISH) of surgically resected specimens.Array-based quantitative PCR was performed using 10 pairs of fresh malignant (prostate cancer) and normal tissue samples to determine UCA1 expression. Single-color RNA ISH of surgically resected prostate cancer specimens was performed using 70 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens to examine the clinicopathological significance of UCA1.Prostate cancer tissues exhibited higher levels of UCA1 expression than paired benign tissues. Furthermore, a correlation between high UCA1 expression and unfavourable clinicopathological characteristics, including advanced pathologic T stage, extraprostatic extension, presence of Gleason pattern 5, and involvement of the resection margins was observed. Notably, increased UCA1 expression significantly correlated with high- or very-high-risk patients, as defined by the 2023 National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines.UCA1 could be used as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for establishing an effective treatment protocol for prostate cancer.

Abstract Unavailable

The importance of neurons and nerve fibers in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors is now acknowledged after being unexplored for a long time; this is possible due to the development of new technologies that allow in situ characterization of the TME. Recent studies have shown that the density and types of nerves that innervate tumors can predict a patient's clinical outcome and drive several processes of tumor biology. Nowadays, several efforts in cancer research and neuroscience are taking place to elucidate the mechanisms that drive tumor-associated innervation and nerve-tumor and nerve-immune interaction. Assessment of neurons and nerves within the context of the TME can be performed in situ, in tumor tissue, using several pathology-based strategies that utilize histochemical and immunohistochemistry principles, hi-plex technologies, and computational pathology approaches to identify measurable histopathological characteristics of nerves. These features include the number and type of tumor associated nerves, topographical location and microenvironment of neural invasion of malignant cells, and investigation of neuro-related biomarker expression in nerves, tumor cells, and cells of the TME. A deeper understanding of these complex interactions and the impact of nerves in tumor biology will guide the design of better strategies for targeted therapy in clinical trials.

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) and tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) share misleadingly similar names, soft texture and brown color macroscopically, osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells microscopically and localisation in the musculoskeletal system. However, these two tumor types are biologically and clinically two distinct entities with different natural courses of progression and considerably different modes of surgical and medical treatment. In this article, we provide a detailed update on the similarities and the differences between both tumor types.GCTB is a locally aggressive osteolytic bone tumor, commonly seen in patients in their third decade of life. It usually occurs as a solitary lesion in the meta-epiphyseal region of long bones. It can be diagnosed using plain radiographic imaging, CT radiography or MRI to estimate the tumor extent, soft tissue and joint involvement. GCTB is usually treated with intralesional excision by curettage. Systemically, it can be treated with bisphosphonates and denosumab or radiotherapy.TGCT is a rare, slowly progressing tumor of synovial tissue, affecting the joint, tendon sheath or bursa, mostly seen in middle-aged patients. TGCT is usually not visible on radiographs and MRI is mostly used to enable assessment of potential bone involvement and distinguishing between two TGCT types. Localised TGCT is mostly treated with marginal surgical resection, while diffuse TGCT is optimally treated with total synovectomy and is more difficult to remove. Additionally, radiotherapy, intraarticular injection of radioactive isotopes, anti-TNF-α antibodies and targeted medications may be used.

Non‑coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been shown to serve important roles in carcinogenesis via complex mechanisms, including transcriptional and post‑transcriptional regulation, and chromatin interactions. Urothelial carcinoma‑associated 1 (UCA1), a long ncRNA, was recently shown to have tumorigenic properties in urothelial bladder cancer (UBC), as demonstrated by enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion and therapy resistance of UBC cell lines in vitro. These in vitro findings suggested that UCA1 is associated with aggressive tumor behavior and could have prognostic implications in UBC. The aims of the present study were to therefore to investigate the statistical associations between UCA1 RNA expression and UBC pathological features, patient prognosis and p53 and Ki‑67 expression. Chromogenic in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed on UBC tissue microarrays to characterize UCA1 RNA, and p53 and Ki‑67 expression in 208 UBC cases, including 145 non‑muscle‑invasive and 63 muscle‑invasive cases. UCA1 was observed in the tumor cells of 166/208 (80%) UBC cases tested. No expression was noted in normal stromal and endothelium cells. Patients with UBC that overexpressed UCA1 (35%) had a significantly higher survival rate (P=0.006) compared with that in patients with UBC that did not overexpress UCA1. This prognostic factor was independent of tumor morphology, concomitant carcinoma in situ, tumor grade and tumor stage. In addition, the absence of UCA1 overexpression was significantly associated with a high Ki‑67 proliferative index (P=0.008) and a p53 'mutated' immunoprofile (strong nuclear expression or complete absence of staining; P=0.003). In conclusion, the present results identified UCA1 as potentially being a novel independent prognostic marker in UBC that was associated with a better patient prognosis and that could serve a pivotal role in bladder cancer carcinogenesis.