Probes for INSULIN

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are top two chronic comorbidities that increase the severity and mortality of COVID-19. However, how SARS-CoV-2 alters the progression of chronic diseases remain unclear. We used adenovirus to deliver h-ACE2 to lung to enable SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. SARS-CoV-2's impacts on pathogenesis of chronic diseases were studied through histopathological, virologic and molecular biology analysis. Pre-existing CVDs resulted in viral invasion, ROS elevation and activation of apoptosis pathways contribute myocardial injury during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viral infection increased fasting blood glucose and reduced insulin response in DM model. Bone mineral density decreased shortly after infection, which associated with impaired PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. We established mouse models mimicked the complex pathological symptoms of COVID-19 patients with chronic diseases. Pre-existing diseases could impair the inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which further aggravated the pre-existing diseases. This work provided valuable information to better understand the interplay between the primary diseases and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

tRF-28-QSZ34KRQ590K demonstrated a significant diagnostic value for AD in the ROC curve analysis. There were 28 target genes of tRF-28-QSZ34KRQ590K, including tachykinin receptor 1, RANBP2-like and GRIP domain-containing 1, non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H (NCAPH), ectodysplasin-A receptor, contactin-associated protein family member 5, cytochrome P450 family (CYP)27 subfamily C member 1, WD repeat domain 33, POTE ankyrin domain family member F, insulin receptor substrate 1, thyroid hormone receptor interactor 12, S-antigen visual arrestin, ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 2, neurexophilin and PC-esterase domain family member 3, Rho GTPase activating protein 31, p21 (RAC1)-activated kinase 2, midnolin, unc-13 homolog A, potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 15, endogenous retrovirus group V member 1 envelope, zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 18, KIAA0930 (also known as C22orf9, LSC3), SET binding factor 1, forkhead box K1, AVL9 cell migration-associated, FKBP prolyl isomerase family member 6, X-ray repair cross complementing 2, phosphatase and actin regulator 1 and mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1. A previous study reported on a pediatric patient with AD, mental retardation, autistic features, epilepsy, developmental delay and abnormal immunological results, who carried a 7.9 Mb de novo deletion of chromosome 22q13.2/qter, a region containing the NCAPH2, SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 and CYP2D6 genes (26). These genes are associated with the T-cell immune response and the inflammatory response has also been suggested to have roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, tRF-28-QSZ34KRQ590K may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD by affecting the inflammatory response. Further studies are required to uncover the role of tRF-28-QSZ34KRQ590K in the pathogenesis of AD. At present, it remains undetermined whether tRF-28-QSZ34KRQ590K is specifically expressed in AD, although it has not been reported to be expressed in any other diseases, to the best of our knowledge. However, tRF-28-QSZ34KRQ590K exhibited a significant diagnostic value in the ROC curve analysis, which suggested that tRF-28-QSZ34KRQ590K may be a potential biomarker for pediatric patients with AD, although further studies are required to confirm the role of this tRF in AD.