Probes for INS

OBJECTIVES: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important cause of some head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), but its role in cancer of the lateral tongue is debatable. Suspicion of HPV causation is heightened when these lateral tongue carcinomas arise in patients that are young and/or have never smoked. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of transcriptionally active high risk HPV in these tumors, with a particular emphasis on non-smoking patients who are often presumed to have HPV-positive tumors. METHODS: We evaluated 78 HNSCCs of the lateral tongue for the presence of HPV using p16 immunohistochemistry and an RNA in situ hybridization assay targeting HPV E6/E7 mRNA. The study population was enriched for patients without traditional risk factors such as smoking and drinking. RESULTS: P16 overexpression was detected in 9 (11.5%) of 78 cases, but HPV E6/E7 mRNA transcripts were detected in only 1 (1.3%) case (positive predictive value of p16 staining for the presence of transcriptionally active HPV=0.12). HPV mRNA transcripts were not detected in any patient under 40 (n=11), or in patients who had never smoked (n=44), had quit smoking (n=15), and/or were only light consumers of alcohol (n=57). CONCLUSIONS: HPV is not detected in the vast majority of lateral tongue carcinomas. In light of the observation that HPV plays little if any role in the development of these cancers, routine HPV testing is unwarranted , even for patients without traditional risk factors. P16 staining is not a reliable marker for the presence of transcriptionally active HPV at this particular anatomic site.

CDX2 expression characterizes tumors of gastrointestinal origin, including those of intestinal-type differentiation. In dermatopathology, CDX2 expression is reported in four settings: cutaneous metastases from carcinomas of intestinal origin or differentiation, extramammary Paget's disease associated with an underlying colorectal or urothelial tumor, pilomatricomas and pilomatrical carcinomas, and rare primary cutaneous (adeno)squamous carcinomas with intestinal immunophenotype. Over 4 years (10/2017-10/2021), 252 dermatopathology cases with CDX2 immunostain were reviewed, revealing 46 cases with confirmed positive staining. Among them, 11 cases confirmed as primary non-intestinal type cutaneous carcinoma with definitively positive CDX2 nuclear staining were further studied. All cases demonstrated basaloid morphology with atypia, variable necrosis, and brisk mitotic activity. Cases 1-5 had heterogeneous features that cannot be further classified, including two cases with neuroendocrine or pseudoglandular/pseudopapillary features, and one case with HPV high risk E6/E7 ISH positivity. In cases 6 through 11, the diagnosis of pilomatrical carcinoma was supported morphologically. This study substantiates the association of CDX2 with pilomatrical carcinoma. In addition, CDX2 positivity was observed in a subset of basaloid cutaneous carcinomas of ambiguous classification. However, this finding also raises a diagnostic pitfall in clinical diagnostic specificity of the CDX2 immunostain in skin cancers, which can be observed in rare while heterogenous subsets of primary cutaneous carcinomas with primitive cytomorphology.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of human skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) globally. Notably, 80% of all SSTIs are caused by S. aureus, of which ∼63% are abscesses and/or cellulitis. Although progress has been made, our knowledge of the host and pathogen factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of SSTIs is incomplete. To provide a more comprehensive view of this process, we monitored changes in the S. aureus transcriptome and selected host proinflammatory molecules during abscess formation and resolution in a rabbit skin infection model. Within the first 24 h, S. aureus transcripts involved in DNA repair, metabolite transport, and metabolism were up-regulated, suggesting an increase in the machinery encoding molecules involved in replication and cell division. There was also increased expression of genes encoding virulence factors, namely secreted toxins and fibronectin and/or fibrinogen-binding proteins. Of the host genes tested, we found that transcripts encoding IL-8, IL1β, oncostatin M-like, CCR1, CXCR1 (IL8RA), CCL4 (MIP-1β) and CCL3 (MIP1α)-like proteins were among the most highly up-regulated transcripts during S. aureus abscess formation. Our findings provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of S. aureus SSTIs, including a temporal component of the host response. These results serve as a springboard for future studies directed to better understand how/why mild or moderate SSTIs progress to invasive disease.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is now advocated. Demonstration of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) in fresh tumour tissue is considered to be the analytical 'gold standard'. Clinical testing has focused on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue at the expense of sensitivity and specificity. Recently, a novel RNA in situ hybridisation test (RNAscope) has been developed for the detection of HR-HPV in FFPE tissue; however, validation against the 'gold standard' has not been reported. METHODS: A tissue microarray comprising FFPE cores from 79 OPSCC was tested using HR-HPV RNAscope. Analytical accuracy and prognostic capacity were established by comparison with the reference test; qRT-PCR for HR-HPV on matched fresh-frozen samples. RESULTS: High-risk HPV RNAscope had a sensitivity and specificity of 97 and 93%, respectively, against the reference test. Kaplan-Meier estimates of disease-specific survival (DSS, P=0.001) and overall survival (OS, P<0.001) by RNAscope were similar to the reference test (DSS, P=0.003, OS, P<0.001) and at least, not inferior to p16 immunohistochemistry +/- HR-HPV DNA-based tests. CONCLUSION: HR-HPV RNAscope demonstrates excellent analytical and prognostic performance against the 'gold standard'. These data suggest that the test could be developed to provide the 'clinical standard' for assigning a diagnosis of HPV-related OPSCC.