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Striatal Low-Threshold Spiking Interneurons Regulate Goal-Directed Learning.

Neuron

2019 May 03

Holly EN, Davatolhagh MF, Choi K, Alabi OO, Vargas Cifuentes L, Fuccillo MV.
PMID: 31097361 | DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.016

The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) is critically involved in motor control and reward processing, but the specific neural circuit mediators are poorly understood. Recent evidence highlights the extensive connectivity of low-threshold spiking interneurons (LTSIs) within local striatal circuitry; however, the in vivo function of LTSIs remains largely unexplored. We employed fiber photometry to assess LTSI calcium activity in a range of DMS-mediated behaviors, uncovering specific reward-related activity that is down-modulated during goal-directed learning. Using two mechanistically distinct manipulations, we demonstrated that this down-modulation of LTSI activity is critical for acquisition of novel contingencies, but not for their modification. In contrast, continued LTSI activation slowed instrumental learning. Similar manipulations of fast-spiking interneurons did not reproduce these effects, implying a specific function of LTSIs. Finally, we revealed a role for the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic functions of LTSIs in learning. Together, our data provide new insights into this striatal interneuron subclass as important gatekeepers of goal-directed learning.

Anatomical and single-cell transcriptional profiling of the murine habenular complex

Elife

2020 Feb 11

Wallace ML, Huang KW, Hochbaum D, Hyun M, Radeljic G, Sabatini BL
PMID: 32043968 | DOI: 10.7554/eLife.51271

The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic brain structure critical for processing and adapting to negative action outcomes. However, despite the importance of LHb to behavior and the clear anatomical and molecular diversity of LHb neurons, the neuron types of the habenula remain unknown. Here, we use high-throughput single-cell transcriptional profiling, monosynaptic retrograde tracing, and multiplexed FISH to characterize the cells of the mouse habenula. We find five subtypes of neurons in the medial habenula (MHb) that are organized into anatomical subregions. In the LHb, we describe four neuronal subtypes and show that they differentially target dopaminergic and GABAergic cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These data provide a valuable resource for future study of habenular function and dysfunction and demonstrate neuronal subtype specificity in the LHb-VTA circuit
Adnp-mutant mice with cognitive inflexibility, CaMKIIα hyperactivity, and synaptic plasticity deficits

Molecular psychiatry

2023 Jun 26

Cho, H;Yoo, T;Moon, H;Kang, H;Yang, Y;Kang, M;Yang, E;Lee, D;Hwang, D;Kim, H;Kim, D;Kim, JY;Kim, E;
PMID: 37365244 | DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02129-5

ADNP syndrome, involving the ADNP transcription factor of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, is characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although Adnp-haploinsufficient (Adnp-HT) mice display various phenotypic deficits, whether these mice display abnormal synaptic functions remain poorly understood. Here, we report synaptic plasticity deficits associated with cognitive inflexibility and CaMKIIα hyperactivity in Adnp-HT mice. These mice show impaired and inflexible contextual learning and memory, additional to social deficits, long after the juvenile-stage decrease of ADNP protein levels to ~10% of the newborn level. The adult Adnp-HT hippocampus shows hyperphosphorylated CaMKIIα and its substrates, including SynGAP1, and excessive long-term potentiation that is normalized by CaMKIIα inhibition. Therefore, Adnp haploinsufficiency in mice leads to cognitive inflexibility involving CaMKIIα hyperphosphorylation and excessive LTP in adults long after its marked expressional decrease in juveniles.
Transcriptomic landscape of early hair follicle and epidermal development

Cell reports

2023 Jun 13

Sulic, AM;Das Roy, R;Papagno, V;Lan, Q;Saikkonen, R;Jernvall, J;Thesleff, I;Mikkola, ML;
PMID: 37318953 | DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112643

Morphogenesis of ectodermal organs, such as hair, tooth, and mammary gland, starts with the formation of local epithelial thickenings, or placodes, but it remains to be determined how distinct cell types and differentiation programs are established during ontogeny. Here, we use bulk and single-cell transcriptomics and pseudotime modeling to address these questions in developing hair follicles and epidermis and produce a comprehensive transcriptomic profile of cellular populations in the hair placode and interplacodal epithelium. We report previously unknown cell populations and marker genes, including early suprabasal and genuine interfollicular basal markers, and propose the identity of suprabasal progenitors. By uncovering four different hair placode cell populations organized in three spatially distinct areas, with fine gene expression gradients between them, we posit early biases in cell fate establishment. This work is accompanied by a readily accessible online tool to stimulate further research on skin appendages and their progenitors.
Prox2 and Runx3 vagal sensory neurons regulate esophageal motility

Neuron

2023 May 10

Lowenstein, ED;Ruffault, PL;Misios, A;Osman, KL;Li, H;Greenberg, RS;Thompson, R;Song, K;Dietrich, S;Li, X;Vladimirov, N;Woehler, A;Brunet, JF;Zampieri, N;Kühn, R;Liberles, SD;Jia, S;Lewin, GR;Rajewsky, N;Lever, TE;Birchmeier, C;
PMID: 37192624 | DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.025

Vagal sensory neurons monitor mechanical and chemical stimuli in the gastrointestinal tract. Major efforts are underway to assign physiological functions to the many distinct subtypes of vagal sensory neurons. Here, we use genetically guided anatomical tracing, optogenetics, and electrophysiology to identify and characterize vagal sensory neuron subtypes expressing Prox2 and Runx3 in mice. We show that three of these neuronal subtypes innervate the esophagus and stomach in regionalized patterns, where they form intraganglionic laminar endings. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that they are low-threshold mechanoreceptors but possess different adaptation properties. Lastly, genetic ablation of Prox2 and Runx3 neurons demonstrated their essential roles for esophageal peristalsis in freely behaving mice. Our work defines the identity and function of the vagal neurons that provide mechanosensory feedback from the esophagus to the brain and could lead to better understanding and treatment of esophageal motility disorders.
Control of non-REM sleep by ventrolateral medulla glutamatergic neurons projecting to the preoptic area

Nature communications

2022 Aug 12

Teng, S;Zhen, F;Wang, L;Schalchli, JC;Simko, J;Chen, X;Jin, H;Makinson, CD;Peng, Y;
PMID: 35961989 | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32461-3

Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying sleep state transitions is a fundamental goal of neurobiology and important for the development of new treatments for insomnia and other sleep disorders. Yet, brain circuits controlling this process remain poorly understood. Here we identify a population of sleep-active glutamatergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) that project to the preoptic area (POA), a prominent sleep-promoting region, in mice. Microendoscopic calcium imaging demonstrate that these VLM glutamatergic neurons display increased activity during the transitions from wakefulness to Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep. Chemogenetic silencing of POA-projecting VLM neurons suppresses NREM sleep, whereas chemogenetic activation of these neurons promotes NREM sleep. Moreover, we show that optogenetic activation of VLM glutamatergic neurons or their projections in the POA initiates NREM sleep in awake mice. Together, our findings uncover an excitatory brainstem-hypothalamic circuit that controls the wake-sleep transitions.
A single-cell atlas of mouse lung development

Development (Cambridge, England)

2021 Dec 15

Negretti, NM;Plosa, EJ;Benjamin, JT;Schuler, BA;Habermann, AC;Jetter, CS;Gulleman, P;Bunn, C;Hackett, AN;Ransom, M;Taylor, CJ;Nichols, D;Matlock, BK;Guttentag, SH;Blackwell, TS;Banovich, NE;Kropski, JA;Sucre, JMS;
PMID: 34927678 | DOI: 10.1242/dev.199512

Lung organogenesis requires precise timing and coordination to effect spatial organization and function of the parenchymal cells. To provide a systematic broad-based view of the mechanisms governing the dynamic alterations in parenchymal cells over crucial periods of development, we performed a single-cell RNA-sequencing time-series yielding 102,571 epithelial, endothelial and mesenchymal cells across nine time points from embryonic day 12 to postnatal day 14 in mice. Combining computational fate-likelihood prediction with RNA in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, we explore lineage relationships during the saccular to alveolar stage transition. The utility of this publicly searchable atlas resource (www.sucrelab.org/lungcells) is exemplified by discoveries of the complexity of type 1 pneumocyte function and characterization of mesenchymal Wnt expression patterns during the saccular and alveolar stages - wherein major expansion of the gas-exchange surface occurs. We provide an integrated view of cellular dynamics in epithelial, endothelial and mesenchymal cell populations during lung organogenesis.
Spatially patterned excitatory neuron subtypes and projections of the claustrum

eLife

2021 Aug 16

Erwin, SR;Bristow, BN;Sullivan, KE;Kendrick, RM;Marriott, B;Wang, L;Clements, J;Lemire, AL;Jackson, J;Cembrowski, MS;
PMID: 34397382 | DOI: 10.7554/eLife.68967

The claustrum is a functionally and structurally complex brain region, whose very spatial extent remains debated. Histochemical-based approaches typically treat the claustrum as a relatively narrow anatomical region that primarily projects to the neocortex, whereas circuit-based approaches can suggest a broader claustrum region containing projections to the neocortex and other regions. Here, in the mouse, we took a bottom-up and cell-type-specific approach to complement and possibly unite these seemingly disparate conclusions. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we found that the claustrum comprises two excitatory neuron subtypes that are differentiable from the surrounding cortex. Multicolor retrograde tracing in conjunction with 12-channel multiplexed in situ hybridization revealed a core-shell spatial arrangement of these subtypes, as well as differential downstream targets. Thus, the claustrum comprises excitatory neuron subtypes with distinct molecular and projection properties, whose spatial patterns reflect the narrower and broader claustral extents debated in previous research. This subtype-specific heterogeneity likely shapes the functional complexity of the claustrum.
NOTUM from Apc-mutant cells biases clonal competition to initiate cancer

Nature

2021 Jun 01

Flanagan, DJ;Pentinmikko, N;Luopajärvi, K;Willis, NJ;Gilroy, K;Raven, AP;Mcgarry, L;Englund, JI;Webb, AT;Scharaw, S;Nasreddin, N;Hodder, MC;Ridgway, RA;Minnee, E;Sphyris, N;Gilchrist, E;Najumudeen, AK;Romagnolo, B;Perret, C;Williams, AC;Clevers, H;Nummela, P;Lähde, M;Alitalo, K;Hietakangas, V;Hedley, A;Clark, W;Nixon, C;Kirschner, K;Jones, EY;Ristimäki, A;Leedham, SJ;Fish, PV;Vincent, JP;Katajisto, P;Sansom, OJ;
PMID: 34079124 | DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03525-z

The tumour suppressor APC is the most commonly mutated gene in colorectal cancer. Loss of Apc in intestinal stem cells drives the formation of adenomas in mice via increased WNT signalling1, but reduced secretion of WNT ligands increases the ability of Apc-mutant intestinal stem cells to colonize a crypt (known as fixation)2. Here we investigated how Apc-mutant cells gain a clonal advantage over wild-type counterparts to achieve fixation. We found that Apc-mutant cells are enriched for transcripts that encode several secreted WNT antagonists, with Notum being the most highly expressed. Conditioned medium from Apc-mutant cells suppressed the growth of wild-type organoids in a NOTUM-dependent manner. Furthermore, NOTUM-secreting Apc-mutant clones actively inhibited the proliferation of surrounding wild-type crypt cells and drove their differentiation, thereby outcompeting crypt cells from the niche. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of NOTUM abrogated the ability of Apc-mutant cells to expand and form intestinal adenomas. We identify NOTUM as a key mediator during the early stages of mutation fixation that can be targeted to restore wild-type cell competitiveness and provide preventative strategies for people at a high risk of developing colorectal cancer.
A hypothalamus-habenula circuit controls aversion.

Mol Psychiatry.

2019 Feb 12

Lazaridis I, Tzortzi O, Weglage M, Märtin A, Xuan Y, Parent M, Johansson Y, Fuzik J, Fürth D, Fenno LE, Ramakrishnan C, Silberberg G, Deisseroth K, Carlén M, Meletis K.
PMID: 30755721 | DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0369-5

Encoding and predicting aversive events are critical functions of circuits that support survival and emotional well-being. Maladaptive circuit changes in emotional valence processing can underlie the pathophysiology of affective disorders. The lateral habenula (LHb) has been linked to aversion and mood regulation through modulation of the dopamine and serotonin systems. We have defined the identity and function of glutamatergic (Vglut2) control of the LHb, comparing the role of inputs originating in the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi), and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), respectively. We found that LHb-projecting LHA neurons, and not the proposed GABA/glutamate co-releasing GPi neurons, are responsible for encoding negative value. Monosynaptic rabies tracing of the presynaptic organization revealed a predominantly limbic input onto LHA Vglut2 neurons, while sensorimotor inputs were more prominent onto GABA/glutamate co-releasing GPi neurons. We further recorded the activity of LHA Vglut2 neurons, by imaging calcium dynamics in response to appetitive versus aversive events in conditioning paradigms. LHA Vglut2 neurons formed activity clusters representing distinct reward or aversion signals, including a population that responded to mild foot shocks and predicted aversive events. We found that the LHb-projecting LHA Vglut2 neurons encode negative valence and rapidly develop a prediction signal for negative events. These findings establish the glutamatergic LHA-LHb circuit as a critical node in value processing.

The neurons that restore walking after paralysis

Nature

2022 Nov 01

Kathe, C;Skinnider, MA;Hutson, TH;Regazzi, N;Gautier, M;Demesmaeker, R;Komi, S;Ceto, S;James, ND;Cho, N;Baud, L;Galan, K;Matson, KJE;Rowald, A;Kim, K;Wang, R;Minassian, K;Prior, JO;Asboth, L;Barraud, Q;Lacour, SP;Levine, AJ;Wagner, F;Bloch, J;Squair, JW;Courtine, G;
PMID: 36352232 | DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05385-7

A spinal cord injury interrupts pathways from the brain and brainstem that project to the lumbar spinal cord, leading to paralysis. Here we show that spatiotemporal epidural electrical stimulation (EES) of the lumbar spinal cord<sup>1-3</sup> applied during neurorehabilitation<sup>4,5</sup> (EES<sup>REHAB</sup>) restored walking in nine individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. This recovery involved a reduction in neuronal activity in the lumbar spinal cord of humans during walking. We hypothesized that this unexpected reduction reflects activity-dependent selection of specific neuronal subpopulations that become essential for a patient to walk after spinal cord injury. To identify these putative neurons, we modelled the technological and therapeutic features underlying EES<sup>REHAB</sup> in mice. We applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing<sup>6-9</sup> and spatial transcriptomics<sup>10,11</sup> to the spinal cords of these mice to chart a spatially resolved molecular atlas of recovery from paralysis. We then employed cell type<sup>12,13</sup> and spatial prioritization to identify the neurons involved in the recovery of walking. A single population of excitatory interneurons nested within intermediate laminae emerged. Although these neurons are not required for walking before spinal cord injury, we demonstrate that they are essential for the recovery of walking with EES following spinal cord injury. Augmenting the activity of these neurons phenocopied the recovery of walking enabled by EES<sup>REHAB</sup>, whereas ablating them prevented the recovery of walking that occurs spontaneously after moderate spinal cord injury. We thus identified a recovery-organizing neuronal subpopulation that is necessary and sufficient to regain walking after paralysis. Moreover, our methodology establishes a framework for using molecular cartography to identify the neurons that produce complex behaviours.
Wnt signaling pathway in the human limbus: a comprehensive mapping by single mRNA detection

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science

2022 Jan 01

Bonnet, C;Ruiz, M;Gonzalez, S;

RESULTS : All 4 Wnt ligands, 4 Wnt inhibitors, and Fzd7 were preferentially expressed in the basal layer of the cornea and limbus compared to the suprabasal layer (_P_

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Description
sense
Example: Hs-LAG3-sense
Standard probes for RNA detection are in antisense. Sense probe is reverse complent to the corresponding antisense probe.
Intron#
Example: Mm-Htt-intron2
Probe targets the indicated intron in the target gene, commonly used for pre-mRNA detection
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Example: Hs-CD3-pool (Hs-CD3D, Hs-CD3E, Hs-CD3G)
A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts
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Example: Hs-PDGFB-No-XMm
Does not cross detect with the species (Sp)
XSp
Example: Rn-Pde9a-XMm
designed to cross detect with the species (Sp)
O#
Example: Mm-Islr-O1
Alternative design targeting different regions of the same transcript or isoforms
CDS
Example: Hs-SLC31A-CDS
Probe targets the protein-coding sequence only
EnEmProbe targets exons n and m
En-EmProbe targets region from exon n to exon m
Retired Nomenclature
tvn
Example: Hs-LEPR-tv1
Designed to target transcript variant n
ORF
Example: Hs-ACVRL1-ORF
Probe targets open reading frame
UTR
Example: Hs-HTT-UTR-C3
Probe targets the untranslated region (non-protein-coding region) only
5UTR
Example: Hs-GNRHR-5UTR
Probe targets the 5' untranslated region only
3UTR
Example: Rn-Npy1r-3UTR
Probe targets the 3' untranslated region only
Pan
Example: Pool
A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts

Enabling research, drug development (CDx) and diagnostics

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