Probes for INS

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has unique biology and better outcomes. p16 immunostaining is used as a surrogate marker for transcriptionally active HPV. Although diffuse staining is generally accepted as positive, the significance of partial staining has not been established, nor has the cutoff for extent of p16 staining that should be used to identify a tumor as HPV-related. From three other large studies utilizing p16 immunohistochemistry, we identified all cases with partial positive staining. The p16-stained slides were reviewed by three study pathologists for staining (nuclear and cytoplasmic) extent (in quartiles), and also for percentage that was confluent (ie, back-to-back cell staining). Tumors were histologically typed (keratinizing, non-keratinizing, or non-keratinizing with maturation) and tested for high-risk HPV by RNA in-situ hybridization and reverse-transcriptase PCR. For the 16 cases, there were two 4+(13%), five 3+(31%), six 2+(38%), and three 1+(19%) p16 staining tumors. Extent of staining ranged from 5 to 90% of cells positive with 25% or more confluent staining in 4/16 (25%). Of the 16 (31%) cases, 5 were HPV-related on the basis of RNA in-situ hybridization and reverse-transcriptase PCR. All of these cases had >50% p16 staining, 4/5 (80%) had more than 25% confluent staining, and 4/7 (57%) had non-keratinizing histological features. Only one of the p16 1+/2+ tumors was HPV RNA-positive (by reverse-transcriptase PCR only and low level). All 1+/2+ cases were keratinizing type or undifferentiated. By sensitive detection methods, most partial p16-positive squamous cell carcinoma cases with >50% staining harbor transcriptionally active HPV, and most HPV+ tumors have significant amounts of confluent staining. Cases with <50% p16 staining and lacking significant confluent staining rarely harbor HPV. These results support that greater than 75% p16 staining or, alternatively, >50% staining combined with >25% confluent areas, are suitable cutoffs for defining positivity.