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Probes for INS

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Simultaneous detection and quantification of spike mRNA and protein in SARS-CoV-2 infected airway epithelium

MethodsX

2023 Feb 03

Jerome, K;Sattar, S;Mehedi, M;
PMID: 36779029 | DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102050

Visualizing and quantifying mRNA and its corresponding protein provides a unique perspective of gene expression at a single-molecule level. Here, we describe a method for differentiating primary cells for making airway epithelium and detecting SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) mRNA and S protein in the paraformaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected airway epithelium. For simultaneous detection of mRNA and protein in the same cell, we combined two protocols: 1. RNA fluorescence-based in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) based mRNA detection and 2. fluorescence-based immunohistochemistry (IHC) based protein detection. The detection of mRNA and proteins in the same cell also allows for quantifying them using the open-source software QuPath, which provides an accurate and more straightforward fluorescent-based quantification of mRNA and protein in the microscopic images of the infected cells. Additionally, we can achieve the subcellular distribution of both S mRNA and S protein. This method identifies SARS-CoV-2 S gene products' (mRNA and protein) degree of expression and their subcellular localization in the infected airway epithelium. Advantages of this method include: •Simultaneous detection and quantification of mRNA and protein in the same cell.•Universal use due to the ability to use mRNA-specific primer-probe and protein-specific antibodies.•An open-source software QuPath provides a straightforward fluorescent-based quantification.
Morphological changes without histological myocarditis in hearts of COVID-19 deceased patients

Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ

2022 Dec 01

Razaghi, A;Szakos, A;Al-Shakarji, R;Björnstedt, M;Szekely, L;
PMID: 35678649 | DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2022.2085320

Objective. Patients with underlying heart diseases have a higher risk of dying from Covid-19. It has also been suggested that Covid-19 affects the heart through myocarditis. Despite the rapidly growing research on the management of Covid-19 associated complications, most of the ongoing research is focused on the respiratory complications of Covid-19, and little is known about the prevalence of myocarditis. Design. This study aimed to characterize myocardial involvement by using a panel of antibodies to detect hypoxic and inflammatory changes and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in heart tissues obtained during the autopsy procedure of Covid-19 deceased patients. Thirty-seven fatal COVID-19 cases and 21 controls were included in this study. Results. Overall, the Covid-19 hearts had several histopathological changes like the waviness of myocytes, fibrosis, contract band necrosis, infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, vacuolization, and necrosis of myocytes. In addition, endothelial damage and activation were detected in heart tissue. However, viral replication was not detected using RNA in situ hybridization. Also, lymphocyte infiltration, as a hallmark of myocarditis, was not seen in this study. Conclusion. No histological sign of myocarditis was detected in any of our cases; our findings are thus most congruent with the hypothesis of the presence of a circulating endothelium activating factor such as VEGF, originating outside of the heart, probably from the hypoxic part of the Covid-19 lungs.
Adrenal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and adrenal findings in a post-mortem case series of patients with severe fatal COVID-19

Nature communications

2022 Mar 24

Paul, T;Ledderose, S;Bartsch, H;Sun, N;Soliman, S;Märkl, B;Ruf, V;Herms, J;Stern, M;Keppler, OT;Delbridge, C;Müller, S;Piontek, G;Kimoto, YS;Schreiber, F;Williams, TA;Neumann, J;Knösel, T;Schulz, H;Spallek, R;Graw, M;Kirchner, T;Walch, A;Rudelius, M;
PMID: 35332140 | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29145-3

Progressive respiratory failure and hyperinflammatory response is the primary cause of death in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite mounting evidence of disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in COVID-19, relatively little is known about the tropism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to adrenal glands and associated changes. Here we demonstrate adrenal viral tropism and replication in COVID-19 patients. Adrenal glands showed inflammation accompanied by inflammatory cell death. Histopathologic analysis revealed widespread microthrombosis and severe adrenal injury. In addition, activation of the glycerophospholipid metabolism and reduction of cortisone intensities were characteristic for COVID-19 specimens. In conclusion, our autopsy series suggests that SARS-CoV-2 facilitates the induction of adrenalitis. Given the central role of adrenal glands in immunoregulation and taking into account the significant adrenal injury observed, monitoring of developing adrenal insufficiency might be essential in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and during recovery.
A tau homeostasis signature is linked with the cellular and regional vulnerability of excitatory neurons to tau pathology.

Nat Neurosci. 2019 Jan;22(1):47-56.

2018 Dec 17

Fu H, Possenti A, Freer R, Nakano Y, Villegas NCH, Tang M, Cauhy PVM, Lassus BA, Chen S, Fowler SL, Figueroa HY, Huey ED, Johnson GVW, Vendruscolo M, Duff KE.
PMID: 30559469 | DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0298-7

Excitatory neurons are preferentially impaired in early Alzheimer's disease but the pathways contributing to their relative vulnerability remain largely unknown. Here we report that pathological tau accumulation takes place predominantly in excitatory neurons compared to inhibitory neurons, not only in the entorhinal cortex, a brain region affected in early Alzheimer's disease, but also in areas affected later by the disease. By analyzing RNA transcripts from single-nucleus RNA datasets, we identified a specific tau homeostasis signature of genes differentially expressed in excitatory compared to inhibitory neurons. One of the genes, BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), a facilitator of autophagy, was identified as a hub, or master regulator, gene. We verified that reducing BAG3 levels in primary neurons exacerbated pathological tau accumulation, whereas BAG3 overexpression attenuated it. These results define a tau homeostasis signature that underlies the cellular and regional vulnerability of excitatory neurons to tau pathology.
Successful lung transplantation using an allograft from a COVID-19-recovered donor: a potential role for subgenomic RNA to guide organ utilization

American Journal of Transplantation

2022 Jan 01

Saharia, KK;Ramelli, SC;Stein, SR;Roder, AE;
| DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2022.09.001

Although the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through lung transplantation from acutely infected donors is high, the risks of virus transmission and long-term lung allograft outcomes are not as well described when using pulmonary organs from COVID-19-recovered donors. We describe successful lung transplantation for a COVID-19-related lung injury using lungs from a COVID-19-recovered donor who was retrospectively found to have detectable genomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the lung tissue by multiple highly sensitive assays. However, SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNA (sgRNA), a marker of viral replication, was not detectable in the donor respiratory tissues. One year after lung transplantation, the recipient has a good functional status, walking 1 mile several times per week without the need for supplemental oxygen and without any evidence of donor-derived SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Our findings highlight the limitations of current clinical laboratory diagnostic assays in detecting the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the lung tissue. The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the donor tissue did not appear to represent active viral replication via sgRNA testing and, most importantly, did not negatively impact the allograft outcome in the first year after lung transplantation. sgRNA is easily performed and may be a useful assay for assessing viral infectivity in organs from donors with a recent infection.
Pulmonary stromal expansion and intra-alveolar coagulation are primary causes of COVID-19 death

Heliyon

2021 May 01

Szekely, L;Bozoky, B;Bendek, M;Ostad, M;Lavignasse, P;Haag, L;Wu, J;Jing, X;Gupta, S;Saccon, E;Sönnerborg, A;Cao, Y;Björnstedt, M;Szakos, A;
PMID: 34056141 | DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07134

Most COVID-19 victims are old and die from unrelated causes. Here we present twelve complete autopsies, including two rapid autopsies of young patients where the cause of death was COVID-19 ARDS. The main virus induced pathology was in the lung parenchyma and not in the airways. Most coagulation events occurred in the intra-alveolar and not in the intra-vascular space and the few thrombi were mainly composed of aggregated thrombocytes. The dominant inflammatory response was the massive accumulation of CD163 + macrophages and the disappearance of T killer, NK and B-cells. The virus was replicating in the pneumocytes and macrophages but not in bronchial epithelium, endothelium, pericytes or stromal cells. The lung consolidations were produced by a massive regenerative response, stromal and epithelial proliferation and neovascularization. We suggest that thrombocyte aggregation inhibition, angiogenesis inhibition and general proliferation inhibition may have a roll in the treatment of advanced COVID-19 ARDS.
Glial dysregulation in the human brain in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2023 Jun 06

Dias, CM;Issac, B;Sun, L;Lukowicz, A;Talukdar, M;Akula, SK;Miller, MB;Walsh, K;Rockowitz, S;Walsh, CA;
PMID: 37252957 | DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300052120

Short trinucleotide expansions at the FMR1 locus are associated with the late-onset condition fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), which shows very different clinical and pathological features from fragile X syndrome (associated with longer expansions), with no clear molecular explanation for these marked differences. One prevailing theory posits that the shorter, premutation expansion uniquely causes extreme neurotoxic increases in FMR1 mRNA (i.e., four to eightfold increases), but evidence to support this hypothesis is largely derived from analysis of peripheral blood. We applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing to postmortem frontal cortex and cerebellum from 7 individuals with premutation and matched controls (n = 6) to assess cell type-specific molecular neuropathology. We found only modest upregulation (~1.3-fold) of FMR1 in some glial populations associated with premutation expansions. In premutation cases, we also identified decreased astrocyte proportions in the cortex. Differential expression and gene ontology analysis demonstrated altered neuroregulatory roles of glia. Using network analyses, we identified cell type-specific and region-specific patterns of FMR1 protein target gene dysregulation unique to premutation cases, with notable network dysregulation in the cortical oligodendrocyte lineage. We used pseudotime trajectory analysis to determine how oligodendrocyte development was altered and identified differences in early gene expression in oligodendrocyte trajectories in premutation cases specifically, implicating early cortical glial developmental perturbations. These findings challenge dogma regarding extremely elevated FMR1 increases in FXTAS and implicate glial dysregulation as a critical facet of premutation pathophysiology, representing potential unique therapeutic targets directly derived from the human condition.
COVID-19 induces neuroinflammation and suppresses peroxisomes in the brain

Annals of neurology

2023 May 15

Roczkowsky, A;Limonta, D;Fernandes, JP;Branton, WG;Clarke, M;Hlavay, B;Noyce, RS;Joseph, JT;Ogando, NS;Das, SK;Elaish, M;Arbour, N;Evans, DH;Langdon, K;Hobman, TC;Power, C;
PMID: 37190821 | DOI: 10.1002/ana.26679

Peroxisome injury occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) during multiple virus infections that result in neurological disabilities. We investigated host neuroimmune responses and peroxisome biogenesis factors during SARS-CoV-2 infection using a multiplatform strategy.Brain tissues from COVID-19 (n=12) and other disease control (ODC) (n=12) patients, as well as primary human neural cells and Syrian hamsters, infected with a clinical variant of SARS-CoV-2, were investigated by ddPCR, RT-qPCR and immunodetection methods.SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the CNS of four patients with COVID-19 with viral protein (NSP3 and spike) immunodetection in the brainstem. Olfactory bulb, brainstem, and cerebrum from patients with COVID-19 showed induction of pro-inflammatory transcripts (IL8, IL18, CXCL10, NOD2) and cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-18) compared to CNS tissues from ODC patients (p<0.05). Peroxisome biogenesis factor transcripts (PEX3, PEX5L, PEX11β and PEX14) and proteins (PEX3, PEX14, PMP70) were suppressed in the CNS of COVID-19 patients compared to ODCs (p<0.05). SARS-CoV-2 infection of hamsters revealed viral RNA detection in the olfactory bulb at days 4 and 7 post-infection while inflammatory gene expression was upregulated in the cerebrum of infected animals by day 14 post-infection (p<0.05). Pex3 transcript levels together with catalase and PMP70 immunoreactivity were suppressed in the cerebrum of SARS-CoV-2 infected animals (p<0.05).COVID-19 induced sustained neuroinflammatory responses with peroxisome biogenesis factor suppression despite limited brainstem SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism in humans. These observations offer insights into developing biomarkers and therapies, while also implicating persistent peroxisome dysfunction as a contributor to the neurological post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. This article is protected by
Transmitted Fetal Immune Response in Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infections during Pregnancy

Diagnostics

2022 Jan 19

González-Mesa, E;García-Fuentes, E;Carvia-Pontiasec, R;Lavado-Fernández, A;Cuenca-Marín, C;Suárez-Arana, M;Blasco-Alonso, M;Benítez-Lara, B;Mozas-Benítez, L;González-Cazorla, A;Egeberg-Neverdal, H;Jiménez-López, J;
| DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020245

(1) Background: Little is known about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the placenta, and whether the maternal inflammatory response is transmitted vertically. This research aims to provide information about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on maternal and fetal immunity. (2) Methods: We have studied placental changes and humoral and cellular immunity in maternal and umbilical cord blood (UCB) samples from a group of pregnant women delivering after the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. IgG and IgM SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, Interleukin 1b (IL1b), Interleukin 6 (IL6), and gamma-Interferon (IFN-γ), have been studied in the UCB samples. Lymphocyte subsets were studied according to CD3, CD8, CD4, CD34, and invariant natural Killer T cells (iNKT) markers. We used in situ hybridization techniques for the detection of viral RNA in placentas. (3) Results: During the study period, 79 pregnant women and their corresponding newborns were recruited. The main gestational age at the time of delivery was 39.1 weeks (SD 1.3). We did not find traces of the SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in any of the analyzed placental samples. Detectable concentrations of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, IL1b, IL6, and IFN-γ, in UCB were found in all cases, but IgM antibodies anti-ARS-CoV-2 were systematically undetectable. We found significant correlations between fetal CD3+ mononuclear cells and UCB IgG concentrations. We also found significant correlations between UCB IgG concentrations and fetal CD3+/CD4+, as well as CD3+/CD8+ T cells subsets. We also discovered that fetal CD3+/CD8+ cell counts were significantly higher in those cases with placental infarctions. (4) Conclusion: we have not verified the placental transfer of SARS-CoV-2. However, we have discovered that a significant immune response is being transmitted to the fetus in cases of SARS-CoV-2 maternal infection.
The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron virus causes attenuated infection and disease in mice and hamsters

Research square

2021 Dec 29

Diamond, M;Halfmann, P;Maemura, T;Iwatsuki-Horimoto, K;Iida, S;Kiso, M;Scheaffer, S;Darling, T;Joshi, A;Loeber, S;Foster, S;Ying, B;Whitener, B;Floyd, K;Ujie, M;Nakajima, N;Ito, M;Wright, R;Uraki, R;Li, R;Sakai, Y;Liu, Y;Larson, D;Osorio, J;Hernandez-Ortiz, J;ÄŒiuoderis, K;Florek, K;Patel, M;Bateman, A;Odle, A;Wong, LY;Wang, Z;Edara, VV;Chong, Z;Thackray, L;Ueki, H;Yamayoshi, S;Imai, M;Perlman, S;Webby, R;Seder, R;Suthar, M;Garcia-Sastre, A;Schotsaert, M;Suzuki, T;Boon, A;Kawaoka, Y;Douek, D;Moliva, J;Sullivan, N;Gagne, M;Ransier, A;Case, J;Jeevan, T;Franks, J;Fabrizio, T;DeBeauchamp, J;Kercher, L;Seiler, P;Singh, G;Warang, P;Gonzalez-Reiche, AS;Sordillo, E;van Bakel, H;Simon, V;
PMID: 34981044 | DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1211792/v1

Despite the development and deployment of antibody and vaccine countermeasures, rapidly-spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations at key antigenic sites in the spike protein jeopardize their efficacy. The recent emergence of B.1.1.529, the Omicron variant1,2, which has more than 30 mutations in the spike protein, has raised concerns for escape from protection by vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. A key test for potential countermeasures against B.1.1.529 is their activity in pre-clinical rodent models of respiratory tract disease. Here, using the collaborative network of the SARS-CoV-2 Assessment of Viral Evolution (SAVE) program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), we evaluated the ability of multiple B.1.1.529 Omicron isolates to cause infection and disease in immunocompetent and human ACE2 (hACE2) expressing mice and hamsters. Despite modeling and binding data suggesting that B.1.1.529 spike can bind more avidly to murine ACE2, we observed attenuation of infection in 129, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mice as compared with previous SARS-CoV-2 variants, with limited weight loss and lower viral burden in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Although K18-hACE2 transgenic mice sustained infection in the lungs, these animals did not lose weight. In wild-type and hACE2 transgenic hamsters, lung infection, clinical disease, and pathology with B.1.1.529 also were milder compared to historical isolates or other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Overall, experiments from multiple independent laboratories of the SAVE/NIAID network with several different B.1.1.529 isolates demonstrate attenuated lung disease in rodents, which parallels preliminary human clinical data.
New monoamine antidepressant, hypidone hydrochloride (YL-0919), enhances the excitability of medial prefrontal cortex in mice via a neural disinhibition mechanism

Acta pharmacologica Sinica

2021 Nov 22

Zhang, YM;Ye, LY;Li, TY;Guo, F;Guo, F;Li, Y;Li, YF;
PMID: 34811511 | DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00807-0

Hypidone hydrochloride (YL-0919) is a novel antidepressant in clinical phase II trial. Previous studies show that YL-0919 is a selective 5-HT (serotonin) reuptake inhibitor, 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, and 5-HT6 receptor agonist, which exerts antidepressant effects in various animal models, but its effects on neural function remain unclear. Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a highly evolved brain region, controls highest order cognitive functions and emotion regulation. In this study we investigated the effects of YL-0919 on the mPFC function, including the changes in neuronal activities using electrophysiological recordings. Extracellular recording (in vivo) showed that chronic administration of YL-0919 significantly increased the spontaneous discharges of mPFC neurons. In mouse mPFC slices, whole-cell recording revealed that perfusion of YL-0919 significantly increased the frequency of sEPSCs, but decreased the frequency of sIPSCs. Then we conducted whole-cell recording in mPFC slices of GAD67-GFP transgenic mice, and demonstrated that YL-0919 significantly inhibited the excitability of GABAergic neurons. In contrast, it did not alter the excitability of pyramidal neurons in mPFC slices of normal mice. Moreover, the inhibition of GABAergic neurons by YL-0919 was prevented by pre-treatment with 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635. Finally, chronic administration of YL-0919 significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and GSK-3β in the mPFC as compared with vehicle. Taken together, our results demonstrate that YL-0919 enhances the excitability of mPFC via a disinhibition mechanism to fulfill its rapid antidepressant neural mechanism, which was accomplished by 5-HT1A receptor-mediated inhibition of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons.
Factors associated with myocardial SARS-CoV-2 infection, myocarditis, and cardiac inflammation in patients with COVID-19

Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc

2021 Mar 17

Bearse, M;Hung, YP;Krauson, AJ;Bonanno, L;Boyraz, B;Harris, CK;Helland, TL;Hilburn, CF;Hutchison, B;Jobbagy, S;Marshall, MS;Shepherd, DJ;Villalba, JA;Delfino, I;Mendez-Pena, J;Chebib, I;Newton-Cheh, C;Stone, JR;
PMID: 33727695 | DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00790-1

COVID-19 has been associated with cardiac injury and dysfunction. While both myocardial inflammatory cell infiltration and myocarditis with myocyte injury have been reported in patients with fatal COVID-19, clinical-pathologic correlations remain limited. The objective was to determine the relationships between cardiac pathological changes in patients dying from COVID-19 and cardiac infection by SARS-CoV-2, laboratory measurements, clinical features, and treatments. In a retrospective study, 41 consecutive autopsies of patients with fatal COVID-19 were analyzed for the associations between cardiac inflammation, myocarditis, cardiac infection by SARS-CoV-2, clinical features, laboratory measurements, and treatments. Cardiac infection was assessed by in situ hybridization and NanoString transcriptomic profiling. Cardiac infection by SARS-CoV-2 was present in 30/41 cases: virus+ with myocarditis (n = 4), virus+ without myocarditis (n = 26), and virus- without myocarditis (n = 11). In the cases with cardiac infection, SARS-CoV-2+ cells in the myocardium were rare, with a median density of 1 cell/cm2. Virus+ cases showed higher densities of myocardial CD68+ macrophages and CD3+ lymphocytes, as well as more electrocardiographic changes (23/27 vs 4/10; P = 0.01). Myocarditis was more prevalent with IL-6 blockade than with nonbiologic immunosuppression, primarily glucocorticoids (2/3 vs 0/14; P = 0.02). Overall, SARS-CoV-2 cardiac infection was less prevalent in patients treated with nonbiologic immunosuppression (7/14 vs 21/24; P = 0.02). Myocardial macrophage and lymphocyte densities overall were positively correlated with the duration of symptoms but not with underlying comorbidities. In summary, cardiac infection with SARS-CoV-2 is common among patients dying from COVID-19 but often with only rare infected cells. Cardiac infection by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with more cardiac inflammation and electrocardiographic changes. Nonbiologic immunosuppression is associated with lower incidences of myocarditis and cardiac infection by SARS-CoV-2.

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Description
sense
Example: Hs-LAG3-sense
Standard probes for RNA detection are in antisense. Sense probe is reverse complent to the corresponding antisense probe.
Intron#
Example: Mm-Htt-intron2
Probe targets the indicated intron in the target gene, commonly used for pre-mRNA detection
Pool/Pan
Example: Hs-CD3-pool (Hs-CD3D, Hs-CD3E, Hs-CD3G)
A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts
No-XSp
Example: Hs-PDGFB-No-XMm
Does not cross detect with the species (Sp)
XSp
Example: Rn-Pde9a-XMm
designed to cross detect with the species (Sp)
O#
Example: Mm-Islr-O1
Alternative design targeting different regions of the same transcript or isoforms
CDS
Example: Hs-SLC31A-CDS
Probe targets the protein-coding sequence only
EnEmProbe targets exons n and m
En-EmProbe targets region from exon n to exon m
Retired Nomenclature
tvn
Example: Hs-LEPR-tv1
Designed to target transcript variant n
ORF
Example: Hs-ACVRL1-ORF
Probe targets open reading frame
UTR
Example: Hs-HTT-UTR-C3
Probe targets the untranslated region (non-protein-coding region) only
5UTR
Example: Hs-GNRHR-5UTR
Probe targets the 5' untranslated region only
3UTR
Example: Rn-Npy1r-3UTR
Probe targets the 3' untranslated region only
Pan
Example: Pool
A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts

Enabling research, drug development (CDx) and diagnostics

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