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Search

Probes for INS

ACD can configure probes for the various manual and automated assays for INS for RNAscope Assay, or for Basescope Assay compatible for your species of interest.

Your search for "INS" returned results. Search for our Top genes LGR5, vglut2, gad67, brca1

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    IL-6 Plays a Critical Role in Stromal Fibroblast RANKL Induction and Consequent Osteoclastogenesis in Ameloblastoma Progression

    Laboratory Investigation

    2023 Jan 01

    Yoshimoto, S;Morita, H;Okamura, K;Hiraki, A;Hashimoto, S;
    | DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100023

    Ameloblastoma (AB) is the most common benign, epithelial odontogenic tumor that occurs in the jawbone. AB is a slow-growing, benign epithelial tumor but shows locally invasive growth, with bone resorption or recurrence if not adequately resected. From these points of view, understanding the mechanism of AB-induced bone resorption is necessary for better clinical therapy and improving patients’ quality of life. In bone resorption, osteoclasts play critical roles, and RANKL is a pivotal regulator of osteoclastogenesis. However, the source of RANKL-expressing cells in the AB tumor microenvironment is controversial, and the mechanism of osteoclastogenesis in AB progression is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the distribution of the RNA expression of RANKL in AB specimens. We found that PDGFRα- and S100A4-positive stromal fibroblasts expressed RANKL in the AB tumor microenvironment. Moreover, we analyzed the mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis in the AB tumor microenvironment using the human AB cell line AM-1 and a human primary periodontal ligament fibroblast cells. The results of histopathologic and in vitro studies clarified that the interaction between AB cells and stromal fibroblasts upregulated IL-6 expression and that AB cells induced RANKL expression in stromal fibroblasts and consequent osteoclastogenesis in AB progression.
    Microglia-Specific Promoter Activities of HEXB Gene

    Frontiers in cellular neuroscience

    2022 Mar 10

    Shah, S;Wong, LM;Ellis, K;Bodnar, B;Saribas, S;Ting, J;Wei, Z;Tang, Y;Wang, X;Wang, H;Ling, B;Margolis, DM;Garcia, JV;Hu, W;Jiang, G;
    PMID: 35360489 | DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.808598

    Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated genetic targeting of microglia remains a challenge. Overcoming this hurdle is essential for gene editing in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we characterized the minimal/native promoter of the HEXB gene, which is known to be specifically and stably expressed in the microglia during homeostatic and pathological conditions. Dual reporter and serial deletion assays identified the critical role of the natural 5' untranslated region (-97 bp related to the first ATG) in driving transcriptional activity of the mouse Hexb gene. The native promoter region of mouse, human, and monkey HEXB are located at -135, -134, and -170 bp to the first ATG, respectively. These promoters were highly active and specific in microglia with strong cross-species transcriptional activities, but did not exhibit activity in primary astrocytes. In addition, we identified a 135 bp promoter of CD68 gene that was highly active in microglia but not in astrocytes. Considering that HEXB is specifically expressed in microglia, these data suggest that the newly characterized microglia-specific HEXB minimal/native promoter can be an ideal candidate for microglia-targeting AAV gene therapy in the CNS.
    NK-B cell cross talk induces CXCR5 expression on natural killer cells

    iScience

    2021 Oct 01

    Rascle, P;Jacquelin, B;Petitdemange, C;Contreras, V;Planchais, C;Lazzerini, M;Dereuddre-Bosquet, N;Le Grand, R;Mouquet, H;Huot, N;Müller-Trutwin, M;
    | DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103109

    B cell follicles (BCFs) in lymph nodes (LNs) are generally exempt of CD8+ T and NK cells. African green monkeys (AGMs), a natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), display NK cell-mediated viral control in BCF. NK cell migration into BCF in chronically SIVagm-infected AGM is associated with CXCR5+ NK cells. We aimed to identify the mechanism leading to CXCR5 expression on NK cells. We show that CXCR5+ NK cells in LN were induced following SIVagm infection. CXCR5+ NK cells accumulated preferentially in BCF with proliferating B cells. Autologous NK-B cell co-cultures in transwell chambers induced CXCR5+ NK cells. Transcriptome analysis of CXCR5+ NK cells revealed expression of bcl6 and IL6R. IL-6 induced CXCR5 on AGM and human NK cells. IL6 mRNA was detected in LN at higher levels during SIVagm than SIVmac infection and often produced by plasma cells. Our study reveals a mechanism of B cell-dependent NK cell regulation.
    The Skin as a critical window in unveiling the pathophysiologic principles of COVID-19

    Clinics in Dermatology

    2021 Jul 01

    Magro, C;Nuovo, G;Mulvey, J;Laurence, J;Harp, J;Neil Crowson, A;
    | DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.07.001

    The severe acute respiratory distress syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a single-stranded RNA virus whose sequence is known. COVID-19 is associated with a heterogeneous clinical phenotype ranging from asymptomatic to fatal disease. It appears that access to nasopharyngeal respiratory epithelia expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, the receptor for SARS CoV-2, is followed by viral replication in the pulmonary alveolar septal capillary bed. We have shown in prior studies that incomplete viral particles, termed pseudovirions, dock to deep subcutaneous and other vascular beds potentially contributing to the prothrombotic state and systemic complement activation that characterizes severe and critical COVID-19. A variety of skin rashes have been described in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection and more recently, following COVID-19 vaccination. The vaccines deliver a laboratory synthesized mRNA that encodes a protein that is identical to the spike glycoprotein of SARS-COV-2 allowing the production of immunogenic spike glycoprotein that will then elicit T cell and B cell adaptive immune responses. In this paper we review an array of cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 that provide an opportunity to study critical pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie all clinical facets of COVID-19 ranging from asymptomatic/mild to severe and critical COVID-19. We classify cutaneous COVID-19 according to underlying pathophysiologic principles. In this regard we propose two main pathways: 1) complement mediated thrombotic vascular injury syndromes deploying the alternative and mannan binding lectin pathways in the setting of severe and critical COVID-19 and 2) the robust T cell and type I interferon driven inflammatory and humoral driven immune complex mediated vasculitic cutaneous reactions seen with mild and moderate COVID-19. Novel data on cutaneous vaccine reactions are presented that manifest a clinical and morphologic parallel with similar eruptions seen in patients suffering from mild and moderate COVID-19 and in most cases represent systemic eczematoid hypersensitivity reactions to a putative vaccine based antigen. Finally, we show for the first time the localization of human synthesized spike glycoprotein following the COVID-19 vaccine to the cutaneous and subcutaneous vasculature confirming the ability of SARS CoV-2 spike glycoprotein to bind endothelium in the absence of intact virus.
    Early Pathogenesis in Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2

    SSRN Electronic Journal

    2022 Sep 10

    O'Toole, A;Mohamed, F;Zhang, J;Brown, C;
    | DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4199232

    To detail early tissue distribution and innate immune response to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2), 13 rabbits were orally ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) inoculated with liver homogenate made from a feral rabbit that succumbed to RHDV2 during the 2020 outbreak in Oregon, USA. Rabbits were monitored regularly, with euthanasia and collection of tissues and swabs, at 12, 24, 36, 48, 96, and 144 hours post inoculation. Livers from these rabbits were positive by RT-rtPCR for presence of the virus. Using RNAscope for viral and replicative intermediates, rabbits had detectable viral genomic RNA at each time point, initially within the gastrointestinal tract, then in the liver by 36 hours post inoculation. Also using RNAscope, there were increasing amounts of mRNA coding for TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β within the liver and spleen through 48 hours post inoculation. The results of this study aided our understanding of the local innate immune response to RHDV2, as well as aspects of pathogenesis.
    X
    Description
    sense
    Example: Hs-LAG3-sense
    Standard probes for RNA detection are in antisense. Sense probe is reverse complent to the corresponding antisense probe.
    Intron#
    Example: Mm-Htt-intron2
    Probe targets the indicated intron in the target gene, commonly used for pre-mRNA detection
    Pool/Pan
    Example: Hs-CD3-pool (Hs-CD3D, Hs-CD3E, Hs-CD3G)
    A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts
    No-XSp
    Example: Hs-PDGFB-No-XMm
    Does not cross detect with the species (Sp)
    XSp
    Example: Rn-Pde9a-XMm
    designed to cross detect with the species (Sp)
    O#
    Example: Mm-Islr-O1
    Alternative design targeting different regions of the same transcript or isoforms
    CDS
    Example: Hs-SLC31A-CDS
    Probe targets the protein-coding sequence only
    EnEmProbe targets exons n and m
    En-EmProbe targets region from exon n to exon m
    Retired Nomenclature
    tvn
    Example: Hs-LEPR-tv1
    Designed to target transcript variant n
    ORF
    Example: Hs-ACVRL1-ORF
    Probe targets open reading frame
    UTR
    Example: Hs-HTT-UTR-C3
    Probe targets the untranslated region (non-protein-coding region) only
    5UTR
    Example: Hs-GNRHR-5UTR
    Probe targets the 5' untranslated region only
    3UTR
    Example: Rn-Npy1r-3UTR
    Probe targets the 3' untranslated region only
    Pan
    Example: Pool
    A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts

    Enabling research, drug development (CDx) and diagnostics

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