LAG3+ Regulatory T Cells Restrain Interleukin-23-Producing CX3CR1+ Gut-Resident Macrophages during Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cell-Driven Colitis

Immunity

2018 Aug 07

Bauché D, Joyce-Shaikh B, Jain R, Grein J, Ku KS, Blumenschein WM, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Wilson DC, McClanahan TK, Malefyt RdW, Macpherson AJ, Annamalai L, Yearley JH, Cua, Daniel J.
PMID: - | DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.007

Interleukin-22 (IL-22)-producing group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) maintains gut homeostasis but can also promote inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The regulation of ILC3-dependent colitis remains to be elucidated. Here we show that Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Treg cells) prevented ILC3-mediated colitis in an IL-10-independent manner. Treg cells inhibited IL-23 and IL-1β production from intestinal-resident CX3CR1 + macrophages but not CD103 + dendritic cells. Moreover, Treg cells restrained ILC3 production of IL-22 through suppression of CX3CR1 + macrophage production of IL-23 and IL-1β. This suppression was contact dependent and was mediated by latent activation gene-3 (LAG-3)—an immune checkpoint receptor—expressed on Treg cells. Engagement of LAG-3 on MHC class II drove profound immunosuppression of CX3CR1+ tissue-resident macrophages. Our study reveals that the health of the intestinal mucosa is maintained by an axis driven by Treg cells communication with resident macrophages that withhold inflammatory stimuli required for ILC3 function.

SARS-CoV-2 infection induces DNA damage, through CHK1 degradation and impaired 53BP1 recruitment, and cellular senescence

Nature cell biology

2023 Mar 09

Gioia, U;Tavella, S;Martínez-Orellana, P;Cicio, G;Colliva, A;Ceccon, M;Cabrini, M;Henriques, AC;Fumagalli, V;Paldino, A;Presot, E;Rajasekharan, S;Iacomino, N;Pisati, F;Matti, V;Sepe, S;Conte, MI;Barozzi, S;Lavagnino, Z;Carletti, T;Volpe, MC;Cavalcante, P;Iannacone, M;Rampazzo, C;Bussani, R;Tripodo, C;Zacchigna, S;Marcello, A;d'Adda di Fagagna, F;
PMID: 36894671 | DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01096-x

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the RNA virus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although SARS-CoV-2 was reported to alter several cellular pathways, its impact on DNA integrity and the mechanisms involved remain unknown. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 causes DNA damage and elicits an altered DNA damage response. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 proteins ORF6 and NSP13 cause degradation of the DNA damage response kinase CHK1 through proteasome and autophagy, respectively. CHK1 loss leads to deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) shortage, causing impaired S-phase progression, DNA damage, pro-inflammatory pathways activation and cellular senescence. Supplementation of deoxynucleosides reduces that. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 N-protein impairs 53BP1 focal recruitment by interfering with damage-induced long non-coding RNAs, thus reducing DNA repair. Key observations are recapitulated in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice and patients with COVID-19. We propose that SARS-CoV-2, by boosting ribonucleoside triphosphate levels to promote its replication at the expense of dNTPs and by hijacking damage-induced long non-coding RNAs' biology, threatens genome integrity and causes altered DNA damage response activation, induction of inflammation and cellular senescence.

An Engineered IgG-VHH Bispecific Antibody against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants

Small methods

2022 Oct 27

Chi, H;Wang, L;Liu, C;Cheng, X;Zheng, H;Lv, L;Tan, Y;Zhang, N;Zhao, S;Wu, M;Luo, D;Qiu, H;Feng, R;Fu, W;Zhang, J;Xiong, X;Zhang, Y;Zu, S;Chen, Q;Ye, Q;Yan, X;Hu, Y;Zhang, Z;Yan, R;Yin, J;Lei, P;Wang, W;Lang, G;Shao, J;Deng, Y;Wang, X;Qin, C;
PMID: 36300882 | DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200932

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibodies are shown to be effective therapeutics for providing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) protection. However, recurrent variants arise and facilitate significant escape from current antibody therapeutics. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) represent a unique platform to increase antibody breadth and to reduce neutralization escape. Herein, a novel immunoglobulin G-variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibody (IgG-VHH) format bsAb derived from a potent human antibody R15-F7 and a humanized nanobody P14-F8-35 are rationally engineered. The resulting bsAb SYZJ001 efficiently neutralizes wild-type SARS-CoV-2 as well as the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants, with superior efficacy to its parental antibodies. Cryo-electron microscopy structural analysis reveals that R15-F7 and P14-F8-35 bind to nonoverlapping epitopes within the RBD and sterically hindered ACE2 receptor binding. Most importantly, SYZJ001 shows potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in three established mouse models. Collectively, the current results demonstrate that the novel bsAb format is feasible and effective, suggesting great potential as an inspiring antiviral strategy.

Rational development of a combined mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 and influenza

NPJ vaccines

2022 Jul 26

Ye, Q;Wu, M;Zhou, C;Lu, X;Huang, B;Zhang, N;Zhao, H;Chi, H;Zhang, X;Ling, D;Zhang, RR;Li, Z;Luo, D;Huang, YJ;Qiu, HY;Song, H;Tan, W;Xu, K;Ying, B;Qin, CF;
PMID: 35882870 | DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00478-w

As the world continues to experience the COVID-19 pandemic, seasonal influenza remain a cause of severe morbidity and mortality globally. Worse yet, coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV) leads to more severe clinical outcomes. The development of a combined vaccine against both COVID-19 and influenza is thus of high priority. Based on our established lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA vaccine platform, we developed and characterized a novel mRNA vaccine encoding the HA antigen of influenza A (H1N1) virus, termed ARIAV. Then, ARIAV was combined with our COVID-19 mRNA vaccine ARCoV, which encodes the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, to formulate the final combined vaccine, AR-CoV/IAV. Further characterization demonstrated that immunization with two doses of AR-CoV/IAV elicited robust protective antibodies as well as antigen-specific cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and IAV. More importantly, AR-CoV/IAV immunization protected mice from coinfection with IAV and the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants. Our results highlight the potential of the LNP-mRNA vaccine platform in preventing COVID-19 and influenza, as well as other respiratory diseases.

In situ detection of vaccine mRNA in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes during COVID19 vaccine-related hepatitis

Journal of hepatology

2022 Sep 15

Martin-Navarro, L;de Andrea, C;Sangro, B;Argemi, J;
PMID: 36116717 | DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.08.039

Low-Dose Interleukin-2 Ameliorates Colitis in a Preclinical Humanized Mouse Model.

Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol.

2019 May 09

Goettel JA, Kotlarz D, Emani R, Canavan JB, Konnikova L, Illig D, Frei SM, Field M, Kowalik M, Peng K, Gringauz J, Mitsalis V, Wall SM, Tsou A, Griffith AE, Friedman JR, Towne JE, Plevy SE, O'Hara Hall A, Snapper SB.
PMID: 31078723 | DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.05.001

Spike Protein-independent Attenuation of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Laboratory Mice

Cell Reports

2022 Aug 01

Liu, S;Selvaraj, P;Sangare, K;Luan, B;Wang, T;
| DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111359

Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, 20993

HISTOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN TRANSBRONCHIAL CRYOBIOPSIES OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS AFTER COVID-19

Chest

2021 Sep 25

Culebras, M;Loor, K;Sansano, I;Persiva, Ó;Clofent, D;Polverino, E;Felipe, A;Osorio, J;Muñoz, X;Álvarez, A;Se-COVID-19 team, ;
PMID: 34582842 | DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.09.016

Immunological and pathological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 challenge following formalin-inactivated vaccine in ferrets and rhesus macaques

Science advances

2021 Sep 10

Bewley, KR;Gooch, K;Thomas, KM;Longet, S;Wiblin, N;Hunter, L;Chan, K;Brown, P;Russell, RA;Ho, C;Slack, G;Humphries, HE;Alden, L;Allen, L;Aram, M;Baker, N;Brunt, E;Cobb, R;Fotheringham, S;Harris, D;Kennard, C;Leung, S;Ryan, K;Tolley, H;Wand, N;White, A;Sibley, L;Sarfas, C;Pearson, G;Rayner, E;Xue, X;Lambe, T;Charlton, S;Gilbert, S;Sattentau, QJ;Gleeson, F;Hall, Y;Funnell, S;Sharpe, S;Salguero, FJ;Gorringe, A;Carroll, M;
PMID: 34516768 | DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7996

[Figure: see text].

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in lung tissue after mild COVID-19

The Lancet. Respiratory medicine

2021 Jun 09

Ceulemans, LJ;Khan, M;Yoo, SJ;Zapiec, B;Van Gerven, L;Van Slambrouck, J;Vanstapel, A;Van Raemdonck, D;Vos, R;Wauters, E;Wauters, J;Carmeliet, P;Mombaerts, P;
PMID: 34118186 | DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00240-X

ACE2 expression is regulated by AhR in SARS-CoV-2-infected macaques

Cellular & molecular immunology

2021 Apr 01

Lv, J;Yu, P;Wang, Z;Deng, W;Bao, L;Liu, J;Li, F;Zhu, Q;Zhou, N;Lv, Q;Wang, G;Wang, S;Zhou, Y;Song, J;Tong, WM;Liu, Y;Qin, C;Huang, B;
PMID: 33795851 | DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00672-1

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	Description
sense Example: Hs-LAG3-sense	Standard probes for RNA detection are in antisense. Sense probe is reverse complent to the corresponding antisense probe.
Intron# Example: Mm-Htt-intron2	Probe targets the indicated intron in the target gene, commonly used for pre-mRNA detection
Pool/Pan Example: Hs-CD3-pool (Hs-CD3D, Hs-CD3E, Hs-CD3G)	A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts
No-XSp Example: Hs-PDGFB-No-XMm	Does not cross detect with the species (Sp)
XSp Example: Rn-Pde9a-XMm	designed to cross detect with the species (Sp)
O# Example: Mm-Islr-O1	Alternative design targeting different regions of the same transcript or isoforms
CDS Example: Hs-SLC31A-CDS	Probe targets the protein-coding sequence only
EnEm	Probe targets exons n and m
En-Em	Probe targets region from exon n to exon m
Retired Nomenclature
tvn Example: Hs-LEPR-tv1	Designed to target transcript variant n
ORF Example: Hs-ACVRL1-ORF	Probe targets open reading frame
UTR Example: Hs-HTT-UTR-C3	Probe targets the untranslated region (non-protein-coding region) only
5UTR Example: Hs-GNRHR-5UTR	Probe targets the 5' untranslated region only
3UTR Example: Rn-Npy1r-3UTR	Probe targets the 3' untranslated region only
Pan Example: Pool	A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts

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