Late-onset enteric virus infection associated with hepatitis (EVAH) in transplanted SCID patients

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology

2023 Jan 10

Riller, Q;Fourgeaud, J;Bruneau, J;De Ravin, SS;Smith, G;Fusaro, M;Meriem, S;Magerus, A;Luka, M;Abdessalem, G;Lhermitte, L;Jamet, A;Six, E;Magnani, A;Castelle, M;Lévy, R;Lecuit, MM;Fournier, B;Winter, S;Semeraro, M;Pinto, G;Abid, H;Mahlaoui, N;Cheikh, N;Florkin, B;Frange, P;Jeziorski, E;Suarez, F;Sarrot-Reynauld, F;Nouar, D;Debray, D;Lacaille, F;Picard, C;Pérot, P;Regnault, B;Da Rocha, N;de Cevins, C;Delage, L;Pérot, BP;Vinit, A;Carbone, F;Brunaud, C;Marchais, M;Stolzenberg, MC;Asnafi, V;Molina, T;Rieux-Laucat, F;Notarangelo, LD;Pittaluga, S;Jais, JP;Moshous, D;Blanche, S;Malech, H;Eloit, M;Cavazzana, M;Fischer, A;Ménager, MM;Neven, B;
PMID: 36638922 | DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.822

Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and gene therapy (GT) are potentially curative treatments for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Late-onset post-treatment manifestations (such as persistent hepatitis) are not uncommon.To characterize the prevalence and pathophysiology of persistent hepatitis in transplanted SCID patients (SCIDH+) and to evaluate risk factors and treatments.We used a variety of techniques (including pathology assessments, metagenomics, single-cell transcriptomics, and cytometry by time of flight) to perform an in-depth study of different tissues from SCIDH+ patients and corresponding asymptomatic similarly transplanted SCID patients (without hepatitis, SCIDH-).Eleven patients developed persistent hepatitis (median of 6 years after HSCT or GT). This condition was associated with the chronic detection of enteric viruses (human Aichi virus, norovirus and sapovirus) in liver and/or stools, which were not found in stools SCIDH- (n=12). Multi-omics analysis identified an expansion of effector memory CD8+ T cells with a high type I and II interferon signatures. Hepatitis was associated with absence of myeloablation during conditioning, split chimerism and defective B cell function, representing 25% of the 44 SCID patients having these characteristics. Partially myeloablative re-transplantation or GT of patients with this condition (which we have named "enteric virus infection associated with hepatitis" (EVAH)) led to the reconstitution of T and B cell immunity and remission of hepatitis, concomitantly to viral clearance in 5 patients.EVAH is associated with chronic enteric viral infection and immune dysregulation and is an important risk for transplanted SCID patients with defective B cell function.

Cell-type-specific interrogation of CeA Drd2 neurons to identify targets for pharmacological modulation of fear extinction

Transl Psychiatry

2018 Aug 22

McCullough KM, Daskalakis NP, Gafford G, Morrison FG, Ressler KJ.
PMID: 30135420 | DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0190-y

Behavioral and molecular characterization of cell-type-specific populations governing fear learning and behavior is a promising avenue for the rational identification of potential therapeutics for fear-related disorders. Examining cell-type-specific changes in neuronal translation following fear learning allows for targeted pharmacological intervention during fear extinction learning, mirroring possible treatment strategies in humans. Here we identify the central amygdala (CeA) Drd2-expressing population as a novel fear-supporting neuronal population that is molecularly distinct from other, previously identified, fear-supporting CeA populations. Sequencing of actively translating transcripts of Drd2 neurons using translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) technology identifies mRNAs that are differentially regulated following fear learning. Differentially expressed transcripts with potentially targetable gene products include Npy5r, Rxrg, Adora2a, Sst5r, Fgf3, Erbb4, Fkbp14, Dlk1, and Ssh3. Direct pharmacological manipulation of NPY5R, RXR, and ADORA2A confirms the importance of this cellpopulation and these cell-type-specific receptors in fear behavior. Furthermore, these findings validate the use of functionally identified specific cell populations to predict novel pharmacological targets for the modulation of emotional learning.

Cell Lineage Tracing Identifies Hormone-Regulated and Wnt-Responsive Vaginal Epithelial Stem Cells

Cell Rep

2020 Jul 04

Ali A, Syed SM, Jamaluddin MFB, Colino-Sanguino Y, Gallego-Ortega D, Tanwar PS
PMID: 32023462 | DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.003

The intact vaginal epithelium is essential for women's reproductive health and provides protection against HIV and sexually transmitted infections. How this epithelium maintains itself remains poorly understood. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to define the diverse cell populations in the vaginal epithelium. We show that vaginal epithelial cell proliferation is limited to the basal compartment without any obvious label-retaining cells. Furthermore, we developed vaginal organoids and show that the basal cells have increased organoid forming efficiency. Importantly, Axin2 marks a self-renewing subpopulation of basal cells that gives rise to differentiated cells over time. These cells are ovariectomy-resistant stem cells as they proliferate even in the absence of hormones. Upon hormone supplementation, these cells expand and reconstitute the entire vaginal epithelium. Wnt/?-catenin is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of vaginal stem cells. Together, these data define heterogeneity in vaginal epithelium and identify vaginal epithelial stem cells

Differential Wnt signaling activity limits epithelial gland development to the anti-mesometrial side of the mouse uterus.

Dev Biol.

2017 Jan 30

Goad J, Ko YA, Kumar M, Syed SM, Tanwar PS.
PMID: 28153546 | DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.01.015

In mice, implantation always occurs towards the antimesometrial side of the uterus, while the placenta develops at the mesometrial side. What determines this particular orientation of the implanting blastocyst remains unclear. Uterine glands are critical for implantation and pregnancy. In this study, we showed that uterine gland development and active Wnt signalling activity is limited to the antimesometrial side of the uterus. Dkk2, a known antagonist of Wnt signalling, is only present at the mesometrial side of the uterus. Imaging of whole uterus, thick uterine sections (100-1000μm), and individual glands revealed that uterine glands are simple tubes with branches that are directly connected to the luminal epithelium and are only present towards the antimesometrial side of the uterus. By developing a unique mouse model targeting the uterine epithelium, we demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for prepubertal gland formation and normal implantation, but dispensable for postpartum gland development and regeneration. Our results for the first time have provided a probable explanation for the antimesometrial bias for implantation.

Lymphocyte networks are dynamic cellular communities in the immunoregulatory landscape of lung adenocarcinoma

Cancer cell

2023 Apr 08

Gaglia, G;Burger, ML;Ritch, CC;Rammos, D;Dai, Y;Crossland, GE;Tavana, SZ;Warchol, S;Jaeger, AM;Naranjo, S;Coy, S;Nirmal, AJ;Krueger, R;Lin, JR;Pfister, H;Sorger, PK;Jacks, T;Santagata, S;
PMID: 37059105 | DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.03.015

Lymphocytes are key for immune surveillance of tumors, but our understanding of the spatial organization and physical interactions that facilitate lymphocyte anti-cancer functions is limited. We used multiplexed imaging, quantitative spatial analysis, and machine learning to create high-definition maps of lung tumors from a Kras/Trp53-mutant mouse model and human resections. Networks of interacting lymphocytes ("lymphonets") emerged as a distinctive feature of the anti-cancer immune response. Lymphonets nucleated from small T cell clusters and incorporated B cells with increasing size. CXCR3-mediated trafficking modulated lymphonet size and number, but T cell antigen expression directed intratumoral localization. Lymphonets preferentially harbored TCF1+ PD-1+ progenitor CD8+ T cells involved in responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Upon treatment of mice with ICB or an antigen-targeted vaccine, lymphonets retained progenitor and gained cytotoxic CD8+ T cell populations, likely via progenitor differentiation. These data show that lymphonets create a spatial environment supportive of CD8+ T cell anti-tumor responses.

An ependymal cell census identifies heterogeneous and ongoing cell maturation in the adult mouse spinal cord that changes dynamically on injury

Developmental cell

2023 Jan 19

Rodrigo Albors, A;Singer, GA;Llorens-Bobadilla, E;Frisén, J;May, AP;Ponting, CP;Storey, KG;
PMID: 36706756 | DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.01.003

The adult spinal cord stem cell potential resides within the ependymal cell population and declines with age. Ependymal cells are, however, heterogeneous, and the biological diversity this represents and how it changes with age remain unknown. Here, we present a single-cell transcriptomic census of spinal cord ependymal cells from adult and aged mice, identifying not only all known ependymal cell subtypes but also immature as well as mature cell states. By comparing transcriptomes of spinal cord and brain ependymal cells, which lack stem cell abilities, we identify immature cells as potential spinal cord stem cells. Following spinal cord injury, these cells re-enter the cell cycle, which is accompanied by a short-lived reversal of ependymal cell maturation. We further analyze ependymal cells in the human spinal cord and identify widespread cell maturation and altered cell identities. This in-depth characterization of spinal cord ependymal cells provides insight into their biology and informs strategies for spinal cord repair.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of inner ear sensory and non-sensory cells revealed by single-cell transcriptomics

Cell reports

2021 Jul 13

Jan, TA;Eltawil, Y;Ling, AH;Chen, L;Ellwanger, DC;Heller, S;Cheng, AG;
PMID: 34260939 | DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109358

The utricle is a vestibular sensory organ that requires mechanosensitive hair cells to detect linear acceleration. In neonatal mice, new hair cells are derived from non-sensory supporting cells, yet cell type diversity and mechanisms of cell addition remain poorly characterized. Here, we perform computational analyses on single-cell transcriptomes to categorize cell types and resolve 14 individual sensory and non-sensory subtypes. Along the periphery of the sensory epithelium, we uncover distinct groups of transitional epithelial cells, marked by Islr, Cnmd, and Enpep expression. By reconstructing de novo trajectories and gene dynamics, we show that as the utricle expands, Islr+ transitional epithelial cells exhibit a dynamic and proliferative phase to generate new supporting cells, followed by coordinated differentiation into hair cells. Taken together, our study reveals a sequential and coordinated process by which non-sensory epithelial cells contribute to growth of the postnatal mouse sensory epithelium.

Stromal R-spondin orchestrates gastric epithelial stem cells and gland homeostasis.

Nature

2017 Aug 16

Sigal M, Logan CY, Kapalczynska M, Mollenkopf HJ, Berger H, Wiedenmann B, Nusse R, Amieva MR, Meyer TF.
PMID: 28813421 | DOI: 10.1038/nature23642

The constant regeneration of stomach epithelium is driven by long-lived stem cells, but the mechanism that regulates their turnover is not well understood. We have recently found that the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori can activate gastric stem cells and increase epithelial turnover, while Wnt signalling is known to be important for stem cell identity and epithelial regeneration in several tissues. Here we find that antral Wnt signalling, marked by the classic Wnt target gene Axin2, is limited to the base and lower isthmus of gastric glands, where the stem cells reside. Axin2 is expressed by Lgr5+ cells, as well as adjacent, highly proliferative Lgr5- cells that are able to repopulate entire glands, including the base, upon depletion of the Lgr5+ population. Expression of both Axin2 and Lgr5 requires stroma-derived R-spondin 3 produced by gastric myofibroblasts proximal to the stem cell compartment. Exogenous R-spondin administration expands and accelerates proliferation of Axin2+/Lgr5- but not Lgr5+ cells. Consistent with these observations, H. pylori infection increases stromal R-spondin 3 expression and expands the Axin2+ cell pool to cause hyperproliferation and gland hyperplasia. The ability of stromal niche cells to control and adapt epithelial stem cell dynamics constitutes a sophisticated mechanism that orchestrates epithelial regeneration and maintenance of tissue integrity.

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	Description
sense Example: Hs-LAG3-sense	Standard probes for RNA detection are in antisense. Sense probe is reverse complent to the corresponding antisense probe.
Intron# Example: Mm-Htt-intron2	Probe targets the indicated intron in the target gene, commonly used for pre-mRNA detection
Pool/Pan Example: Hs-CD3-pool (Hs-CD3D, Hs-CD3E, Hs-CD3G)	A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts
No-XSp Example: Hs-PDGFB-No-XMm	Does not cross detect with the species (Sp)
XSp Example: Rn-Pde9a-XMm	designed to cross detect with the species (Sp)
O# Example: Mm-Islr-O1	Alternative design targeting different regions of the same transcript or isoforms
CDS Example: Hs-SLC31A-CDS	Probe targets the protein-coding sequence only
EnEm	Probe targets exons n and m
En-Em	Probe targets region from exon n to exon m
Retired Nomenclature
tvn Example: Hs-LEPR-tv1	Designed to target transcript variant n
ORF Example: Hs-ACVRL1-ORF	Probe targets open reading frame
UTR Example: Hs-HTT-UTR-C3	Probe targets the untranslated region (non-protein-coding region) only
5UTR Example: Hs-GNRHR-5UTR	Probe targets the 5' untranslated region only
3UTR Example: Rn-Npy1r-3UTR	Probe targets the 3' untranslated region only
Pan Example: Pool	A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts

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