Probes for INS
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Nucleic acids research
2022 Jan 11
Relizani, K;Echevarría, L;Zarrouki, F;Gastaldi, C;Dambrune, C;Aupy, P;Haeberli, A;Komisarski, M;Tensorer, T;Larcher, T;Svinartchouk, F;Vaillend, C;Garcia, L;Goyenvalle, A;
PMID: 34893881 | DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1199
Tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA) is a conformationally constrained oligonucleotide analog that has demonstrated great therapeutic potential as antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) for several diseases. Like most ASOs in clinical development, tcDNA were modified with phosphorothioate (PS) backbone for therapeutic purposes in order to improve their biodistribution by enhancing association with plasma and cell protein. Despite the advantageous protein binding properties, systemic delivery of PS-ASO remains limited and PS modifications can result in dose limiting toxicities in the clinic. Improving extra-hepatic delivery of ASO is highly desirable for the treatment of a variety of diseases including neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We hypothesized that conjugation of palmitic acid to tcDNA could facilitate the delivery of the ASO from the bloodstream to the interstitium of the muscle tissues. We demonstrate here that palmitic acid conjugation enhances the potency of tcDNA-ASO in skeletal and cardiac muscles, leading to functional improvement in dystrophic mice with significantly reduced dose of administered ASO. Interestingly, palmitic acid-conjugated tcDNA with a full phosphodiester backbone proved effective with a particularly encouraging safety profile, offering new perspectives for the clinical development of PS-free tcDNA-ASO for neuromuscular diseases.
Neuroscience bulletin
2022 Jan 26
Zheng, D;Fu, JY;Tang, MY;Yu, XD;Zhu, Y;Shen, CJ;Li, CY;Xie, SZ;Lin, S;Luo, M;Li, XM;
PMID: 35080731 | DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00817-2
Licking behavior is important for water intake. The deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) has been implicated in instinctive behaviors. However, whether the DpMe is involved in licking behavior and the precise neural circuit behind this behavior remains unknown. Here, we found that the activity of the DpMe decreased during water intake. Inhibition of vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive (VGLUT2+) neurons in the DpMe resulted in increased water intake. Somatostatin-expressing (SST+), but not protein kinase C-δ-expressing (PKC-δ+), GABAergic neurons in the central amygdala (CeA) preferentially innervated DpMe VGLUT2+ neurons. The SST+ neurons in the CeA projecting to the DpMe were activated at the onset of licking behavior. Activation of these CeA SST+ GABAergic neurons, but not PKC-δ+ GABAergic neurons, projecting to the DpMe was sufficient to induce licking behavior and promote water intake. These findings redefine the roles of the DpMe and reveal a novel CeASST-DpMeVGLUT2 circuit that regulates licking behavior and promotes water intake.
American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology
2021 Dec 01
Bottasso Arias, N;Leesman, L;Burra, K;Snowball, J;Shah, RM;Mohanakrishnan, M;Xu, Y;Sinner, D;
PMID: 34851738 | DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00255.2021
Tracheobronchomalacia and Complete Tracheal Rings are congenital malformations of the trachea associated with morbidity and mortality for which the etiology remains poorly understood. Epithelial expression of Wls (a cargo receptor mediating Wnt ligand secretion) by tracheal cells is essential for patterning the embryonic mouse trachea's cartilage and muscle. RNA sequencing indicated that Wls differentially modulated the expression of BMP signaling molecules. We tested whether BMP signaling, induced by epithelial Wnt ligands, mediates cartilage formation. Deletion of Bmp4 from respiratory tract mesenchyme impaired tracheal cartilage formation that was replaced by ectopic smooth muscle, recapitulating the phenotype observed after epithelial deletion of Wls in the embryonic trachea. Ectopic muscle was caused in part by anomalous differentiation and proliferation of smooth muscle progenitors rather than tracheal cartilage progenitors. Mesenchymal deletion of Bmp4 impaired expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes, including targets of WNTsignaling: Notum, and Axin2. In vitro, rBMP4 rescued the expression of Notum in Bmp4 deficient tracheal mesenchymal cells and induced Notum promoter activity via SMAD1/5. RNA sequencing of Bmp4 deficient tracheas identified genes essential for chondrogenesis and muscle development co-regulated by BMP and WNT signaling. During tracheal morphogenesis, WNT signaling induces Bmp4 in mesenchymal progenitors to promote cartilage differentiation and restrict trachealis muscle. In turn, Bmp4 differentially regulates the expression of Wnt/β-catenin targets to attenuate mesenchymal WNT signaling and to further support chondrogenesis.
Head and neck pathology
2021 Oct 25
Ababneh, EI;Shah, AA;
PMID: 34694538 | DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01389-3
There is limited literature detailing the histology of pharyngeal papillomas. Herein, we report our experience with papillomas occurring in the oro-and nasopharynx that have both squamous and respiratory features akin to the sinonasal Schneiderian papilloma. We retrospectively reviewed pharyngeal papillomas that were composed of both squamous and respiratory epithelium received at our institution between 2010 and 2020. Cases of sinonasal papillomas directly extending into the pharynx were excluded. Immunohistochemistry for p16 as well as RNA in situ hybridization to evaluate for 6 low-risk and 18 high-risk HPV genotypes were performed on all cases. Thirteen cases were included. Mean age was 61 with 12 males and 1 female. While often incidentally found, presenting symptoms included globus sensation, hemoptysis, and hoarseness of voice. Histologically, all tumors consisted of squamous and respiratory epithelium with neutrophilic infiltrates arranged in an exophytic/papillary architecture that was reminiscent of the exophytic type of Schneiderian papilloma. Immunohistochemistry for p16 was negative in all papillomas. 85% were positive for low-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes and all were negative for high-risk HPV subtypes. A well-differentiated, invasive squamous cell carcinoma was associated with two of the cases. Papillomas with squamous and respiratory features similar to the sinonasal exophytic Schneiderian papilloma can arise in the oro- and nasopharynx and like their sinonasal counterparts show an association with HPV. While many in this series were benign, they can be harbingers for invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
Factors modulating the incubation of drug and non-drug craving and their clinical implications
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
2021 Sep 28
Venniro, M;Reverte, I;Ramsey, LA;Papastrat, KM;D'Ottavio, G;Milella, MS;Li, X;Grimm, JW;Caprioli, D;
PMID: 34597716 | DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.050
It was suggested in 1986 that cue-induced cocaine craving increases progressively during early abstinence and remains high during extended periods of times. Clinical evidence now supports this hypothesis and that this increase is not specific to cocaine but rather generalize across several drugs of abuse. Investigators have identified an analogous incubation phenomenon in rodents, in which time-dependent increases in cue-induced drug seeking are observed after abstinence from intravenous drug or palatable food self-administration. Incubation of craving is susceptible to variation in magnitude as a function of biological and/or the environmental circumstances surrounding the individual. During the last decade, the neurobiological correlates of the modulatory role of biological (sex, age, genetic factors) and environmental factors (environmental enrichment and physical exercise, sleep architecture, acute and chronic stress, abstinence reinforcement procedures) on incubation of drug craving has been investigated. In this review we summarized the behavioral procedures adopted, the key underlying neurobiological correlates and clinical implications of these studies.
Signature morpho-electric, transcriptomic, and dendritic properties of human layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons
Neuron
2021 Sep 15
Kalmbach, BE;Hodge, RD;Jorstad, NL;Owen, S;de Frates, R;Yanny, AM;Dalley, R;Mallory, M;Graybuck, LT;Radaelli, C;Keene, CD;Gwinn, RP;Silbergeld, DL;Cobbs, C;Ojemann, JG;Ko, AL;Patel, AP;Ellenbogen, RG;Bakken, TE;Daigle, TL;Dee, N;Lee, BR;McGraw, M;Nicovich, PR;Smith, K;Sorensen, SA;Tasic, B;Zeng, H;Koch, C;Lein, ES;Ting, JT;
PMID: 34534454 | DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.030
In the neocortex, subcerebral axonal projections originate largely from layer 5 (L5) extratelencephalic-projecting (ET) neurons. The unique morpho-electric properties of these neurons have been mainly described in rodents, where retrograde tracers or transgenic lines can label them. Similar labeling strategies are infeasible in the human neocortex, rendering the translational relevance of findings in rodents unclear. We leveraged the recent discovery of a transcriptomically defined L5 ET neuron type to study the properties of human L5 ET neurons in neocortical brain slices derived from neurosurgeries. Patch-seq recordings, where transcriptome, physiology, and morphology were assayed from the same cell, revealed many conserved morpho-electric properties of human and rodent L5 ET neurons. Divergent properties were often subtler than differences between L5 cell types within these two species. These data suggest a conserved function of L5 ET neurons in the neocortical hierarchy but also highlight phenotypic divergence possibly related to functional specialization of human neocortex.
Specific β-defensins stimulate pruritus through activation of sensory neurons
Journal of Investigative Dermatology
2021 Sep 01
Tseng, P;Hoon, M;
| DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.178
Pruritus is a common symptom of dermatological disorders and has a major negative impact of quality of life. Previously, it was suggested that skin derived β-defensin peptides elicit itch through activation of mast cells. Here we investigated, in more detail, the mechanisms by which β-defensins induce itch by defining the receptors activated by these peptides in humans and mice, by establishing their action in vivo, and examining their expression in dermal diseases. We found in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, elevated expression of DEFB103 is highly correlated with skin lesions. We showed that the peptide encoded by this and related genes activate Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors with different potencies that are related with their charge density. Furthermore, we establish that although these peptides can activate mast cells, they also activate sensory neurons, with the former cells being dispensable for itch reactions in mice. Together our studies highlight that specific β-defensins are likely endogenous pruritogens that can directly stimulate sensory neurons.
LncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 hinders the proliferation and facilitates apoptosis of ox-LDL-induced vascular smooth muscle cells via the ceRNA network of CDKN2B-AS1/miR-126-5p/PTPN7
International journal of cardiology
2021 Aug 09
Li, J;Chen, J;Zhang, F;Li, J;An, S;Cheng, M;Li, J;
PMID: 34384839 | DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.08.009
The patterns of lncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 in coronary heart disease (CHD) have been extensively studied. This study investigated the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network of CDKN2B-AS1 in coronary atherosclerosis (CAS).Microarray analyses were performed to screen out the CHD-related lncRNAs (CDKN2B-AS1) and the downstream microRNAs (miR-126-5p). The expression of CDKN2B-AS1 in serum of patients with CHD and healthy volunteers was detected. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were treated with oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to establish cell model. Then pcDNA-CDKN2B-AS1 and/or miR-126-5p mimic were transfected into ox-LDL-treated VSMCs to estimate cell proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation. The ceRNA network of CDKN2B-AS1 along with the possible pathway in CHD was testified.CDKN2B-AS1 expression was low in patients with CHD and ox-LDL-treated VSMCs. Upon CDKN2B-AS1 overexpression, TNF-α, NF-κB and IL-1β levels in VSMCs were decreased, the proliferation of VSMCs was inhibited and the apoptosis rate was increased. Overexpression of miR-126-5p could reverse these trends. CDKN2B-AS1 as a ceRNA competitively bound to miR-126-5p to upregulate PTPN7. CDKN2B-AS1 inhibited VSMC proliferation and accelerated apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt pathway.LncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 upregulates PTPN7 by absorbing miR-126-5p and inhibits the PI3K-Akt pathway, thus hindering the proliferation and accelerating apoptosis of VSMCs induced by ox-LDL, thus being a therapeutic approach for CAS.
miR-29a-3p inhibits endometrial cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting VEGFA/CD C42/PAK1
BMC cancer
2021 Jul 21
Geng, A;Luo, L;Ren, F;Zhang, L;Zhou, H;Gao, X;
PMID: 34289832 | DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08506-z
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of miR-29a-3p in regulating endometrial cancer (EC) progression.A total of 72 EC patients were enrolled. EC cells were transfected. Cells proliferation, cloning ability, migration and invasion were researched by MTT assay, colony formation experiment, cell scratch test and Transwell experiment respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed. Xenograft experiment was conducted using nude mice. miR-29a-3p, VEGFA, CDC42, PAK1 and p-PAK1 expression in cells/tissues was investigated by qRT-PCR and Western blot.miR-29a-3p expression was aberrantly reduced in EC patients, which was associated with poor outcome. miR-29a-3p inhibited EC cells proliferation, cloning formation, migration and invasion (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). miR-29a-3p inhibited CDC42/PAK1 signaling pathway activity in EC cells (P < 0.01). VEGFA expression was directly inhibited by miR-29a-3p. miR-29a-3p suppressed EC cells malignant phenotype in vitro and growth in vivo by targeting VEGFA/CDC42/PAK1 signaling pathway (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).miR-29a-3p inhibits EC cells proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting VEGFA/CDC42/PAK1 signaling pathway.
Variants of human CLDN9 cause mild to profound hearing loss
Human mutation
2021 Jul 15
Ramzan, M;Philippe, C;Belyantseva, IA;Nakano, Y;Fenollar-Ferrer, C;Tona, R;Yousaf, R;Basheer, R;Imtiaz, A;Faridi, R;Munir, Z;Idrees, H;Salman, M;Nambot, S;Vitobello, A;Kartti, S;Zarrik, O;Witmer, PD;Sobreria, N;Ibrahimi, A;Banfi, B;Moutton, S;Friedman, TB;Naz, S;
PMID: 34265170 | DOI: 10.1002/humu.24260
Hereditary deafness is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. We investigated deafness segregating as a recessive trait in two families. Audiological examinations revealed an asymmetric mild to profound hearing loss with childhood or adolescent onset. Exome sequencing of probands identified a homozygous c.475G>A;p.(Glu159Lys) variant of CLDN9 (NM_020982.4) in one family and a homozygous c.370_372dupATC;p.(Ile124dup) CLDN9 variant in an affected individual of a second family. Claudin 9 (CLDN9) is an integral membrane protein and constituent of epithelial bicellular tight junctions (TJs) that form semipermeable, paracellular barriers between inner ear perilymphatic and endolymphatic compartments. Computational structural modeling predicts that substitution of a lysine for glutamic acid p.(Glu159Lys) alters one of two cis-interactions between CLDN9 protomers. The p.(Ile124dup) variant is predicted to locally misfold CLDN9 and mCherry tagged p.(Ile124dup) CLDN9 is not targeted to the HeLa cell membrane. In situ hybridization shows that mouse Cldn9 expression increases from embryonic to postnatal development and persists in adult inner ears coinciding with prominent CLDN9 immunoreactivity in TJs of epithelia outlining the scala media. Together with the Cldn9 deaf mouse and a homozygous frameshift of CLDN9 previously associated with deafness, the two bi-allelic variants of CLDN9 described here point to CLDN9 as a bona fide human deafness gene.
Visualization of HIV-1 reservoir: an imaging perspective
Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
2021 Jul 01
Chapon, C;Moysi, E;Naninck, T;Mayet, C;Petrovas, C;
PMID: 34039844 | DOI: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000691
The persistence of HIV-1-infected cells, despite the introduction of the combinatorial antiretroviral therapy, is a major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. Understanding the nature of HIV reservoir will lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the functional cure or eradication of the virus. In this review, we will update the recent development in imaging applications toward HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) viral reservoirs research and highlight some of their limitations.CD4 T cells are the primary target of HIV-1/SIV and the predominant site for productive and latent reservoirs. This viral reservoir preferentially resides in lymphoid compartments that are difficult to access, which renders sampling and measurements problematical and a hurdle for understanding HIV-1 pathogenicity. Novel noninvasive technologies are needed to circumvent this and urgently help to find a cure for HIV-1. Recent technological advancements have had a significant impact on the development of imaging methodologies allowing the visualization of relevant biomarkers with high resolution and analytical capacity. Such methodologies have provided insights into our understanding of cellular and molecular interactions in health and disease.Imaging of the HIV-1 reservoir can provide significant insights for the nature (cell types), spatial distribution, and the role of the tissue microenvironment for its in vivo dynamics and potentially lead to novel targets for the virus elimination.
SALIVARY MICRORNA 155, 146a/b, AND 203: POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS OF PERIODONTITIS AND DIABETES
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology
2021 Jul 01
Al-Rawi, N;Al–Marzooq, F;Hamoudi, R;
| DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.03.038
Background Dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays important role in the initiation and progression of both diabetes and periodontitis. Objective The aim of the study is to identify miRNAs in saliva as potential predictive biomarkers of periodontal disease among patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods MiRNAs were extracted from the saliva of 24 adult subjects with diabetes mellitus and 27 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Each group was subdivided into periodontally healthy or having periodontitis. In silico analysis identified 4 miRNAs (miRNA 155, 146 a/b and 203) as immune modulators. The expression of miRNAs 146a/b, 155, and 203 was tested using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels in the study groups were compared to explore the effect of diabetes and/or periodontitis. Results In our cohort, the 4 miRNAs expressed were higher in patients with periodontitis and/or diabetes. miRNA 155 and miRNA 146 a/b were the most reliable predictors of periodontitis among subjects without diabetes with an optimum cutoff value of
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| Description | ||
|---|---|---|
| sense Example: Hs-LAG3-sense | Standard probes for RNA detection are in antisense. Sense probe is reverse complent to the corresponding antisense probe. | |
| Intron# Example: Mm-Htt-intron2 | Probe targets the indicated intron in the target gene, commonly used for pre-mRNA detection | |
| Pool/Pan Example: Hs-CD3-pool (Hs-CD3D, Hs-CD3E, Hs-CD3G) | A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts | |
| No-XSp Example: Hs-PDGFB-No-XMm | Does not cross detect with the species (Sp) | |
| XSp Example: Rn-Pde9a-XMm | designed to cross detect with the species (Sp) | |
| O# Example: Mm-Islr-O1 | Alternative design targeting different regions of the same transcript or isoforms | |
| CDS Example: Hs-SLC31A-CDS | Probe targets the protein-coding sequence only | |
| EnEm | Probe targets exons n and m | |
| En-Em | Probe targets region from exon n to exon m | |
| Retired Nomenclature | ||
| tvn Example: Hs-LEPR-tv1 | Designed to target transcript variant n | |
| ORF Example: Hs-ACVRL1-ORF | Probe targets open reading frame | |
| UTR Example: Hs-HTT-UTR-C3 | Probe targets the untranslated region (non-protein-coding region) only | |
| 5UTR Example: Hs-GNRHR-5UTR | Probe targets the 5' untranslated region only | |
| 3UTR Example: Rn-Npy1r-3UTR | Probe targets the 3' untranslated region only | |
| Pan Example: Pool | A mixture of multiple probe sets targeting multiple genes or transcripts | |
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