Probes for GAD2

Acute stress impairs recall memory through the facilitation of long-term depression (LTD) of hippocampal synaptic transmission. The endogenous opioid system (EOS) plays essential roles in stress-related emotional and physiological responses. Specifically, behavioral studies have shown that the impairment of memory retrieval induced by stressful events involves the activation of opioid receptors. However, it is unclear whether signaling mediated by μ-opioid receptors (μRs), one of the three major opioid receptors, participates in acute stress-related hippocampal LTD facilitation. Here, we examined the effects of a single elevated platform (EP) stress exposure on excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity at the Schaffer collateral-commissural (SC) to CA1 synapses by recording electrically evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials and population spikes of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in anesthetized adult mice. EP stress exposure attenuated GABAergic feedforward and feedback inhibition of CA1 pyramidal neurons and facilitated low-frequency stimulation (LFS)-induced long-term depression (LTD) at SC-CA1 glutamatergic synapses. These effects were reproduced by exogenously activating μRs in unstressed mice. The specific deletion of μRs on GABAergic neurons (μRGABA) not only prevented the EP stress-induced memory impairment but also reversed the EP stress-induced attenuation of GABAergic inhibition and facilitation of LFS-LTD. Our results suggest that acute stress endogenously activates μRGABA to attenuate hippocampal GABAergic signaling, thereby facilitating LTD induction at excitatory synapses and eliciting memory impairments.

Stressful life events induce abnormalities in emotional and cognitive behaviour. The endogenous opioid system plays an essential role in stress adaptation and coping strategies. In particular, the µ-opioid receptor (μR), one of the major opioid receptors, strongly influences memory processing in that alterations in μR signalling are associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, it remains unclear whether μR signalling contributes to memory impairments induced by acute stress. Here, we utilized pharmacological methods and cell-type-selective/non-cell-type-selective μR depletion approaches combined with behavioural tests, biochemical analyses, and in vitro electrophysiological recordings to investigate the role of hippocampal μR signalling in memory-retrieval impairment induced by acute elevated platform (EP) stress in mice. Biochemical and molecular analyses revealed that hippocampal μRs were significantly activated during acute stress. Blockage of hippocampal μRs, non-selective deletion of μRs or selective deletion of μRs on GABAergic neurons (μRGABA) reversed EP-stress-induced impairment of memory retrieval, with no effect on the elevation of serum corticosterone after stress. Electrophysiological results demonstrated that stress depressed hippocampal GABAergic synaptic transmission to CA1 pyramidal neurons, thereby leading to excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalance in a μRGABA-dependent manner. Pharmaceutically enhancing hippocampal GABAAreceptor-mediated inhibitory currents in stressed mice restored their memory retrieval, whereas inhibiting those currents in the unstressed mice mimicked the stress-induced impairment of memory retrieval. Our findings reveal a novel pathway in which endogenous opioids recruited by acute stress predominantly activate μRGABA to depress GABAergic inhibitory effects on CA1 pyramidal neurons, which subsequently alters the E/I balance in the hippocampus and results in impairment of memory retrieval.